12四级英语真题及答案Word下载.docx
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注意:
此部分试题在答题卡1上。
PartⅡRadingcomprehension(Skimmingandscanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepasssagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
UniveraitiesBranchOut
Asneverbeforeintheirlongstory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnational
competitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthat
moveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainand
maintaincompetitiveadvantages.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflow
ofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforcefor
globalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.
Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecome
Moreself-consciousyglobal:
seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentire
rangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,
offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative
(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.
Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.0percent,from8000,000in1975to2.5millionin2994.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesidgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica’sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.
Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,2000participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternships(实习)abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunityandprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.
Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalShanghai’sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;
Xu’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconducingfromaword-classscientistandhisU.S.team.
Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledoftheworldintheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheinternetinfrastructure(基础设施)andapplicationssoftwareof
the1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:
SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,and
Route128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofhismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.
Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearchuniversitymodel.Mostpoliticianrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnational
Economicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationssincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinfl