chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry(基础化学)PPT文件格式下载.ppt

chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry(基础化学)PPT文件格式下载.ppt

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1Chapter1TheFoundationsofChemistry2ChapterOutlineMatterandEnergy物質與能量ChemistryAMolecularViewofMatterStatesofMatterChemicalandPhysicalProperties化學與物理性質ChemicalandPhysicalChanges化學與物理變化Mixtures,Substances,Compounds,andElementsMeasurementsinChemistryUnitsofMeasurementUseofNumbersTheUnitFactorMethod（DimensionalAnalysis）Percentage百分比DensityandSpecificGravity密度與比重HeatandTemperatureHeatTransferandtheMeasurementofHeat3ChemistryiseverywhereTentplasticSteelcookinggratealloyofironandcarbonTreesPhotochemicalreactionCO2+H2OcarbohydrateOurbodiesinorganicandbioorganiccompounds.4Chemistrythesciencethatdescribesmatterproperties,thechangesitundergoes,theenergychangesthataccompanythoseprocesses研究物質的特性,組成,結構和變化的科學OrganicChemistry有機化學InorganicChemistry無機化學AnalyticalChemistry分析化學PhysicalChemistry物理化學Biochemistry生物化學51-1MatterandEnergyMatterMassOccupiesspaceEnergy:

@#@ThecapacitytodoworkortransferheatKineticenergy&@#@Potentialenergy動能位能Exothermic&@#@Endothermic放熱吸熱6Fig.1-1,p.4TheLawofConservationofMatter物質不滅定律Thereisnoobservablechangeinthequantityofmatterduringachemicalreactionorduringaphysicalchange.無論物質經過任何化學變化或物理變化,其反應物的總質量和產物的總質量相同鎂燃燒生成氧化鎂7TheLawofConservationofMatter物質不滅定律ThelawofConservationofEnergy能量不滅定律Energycannotbecreatedordestroyedinachemicalreactionorinaphysicalchange.ItcanonlybeconvertedfromoneformtoanotherTheLawofConservationofMatterandEnergy質能不滅定律ThecombinedamountofmatterandenergyintheuniverseisfixedEinsteinsRelativityE=mc28DaltonsAtomicTheory道耳吞原子學說（in1808）Fig1-2RelativesizeforatomsofthenoblegasesFig.1-2,p.61-2ChemistryAmolecularViewofMatter所有的物質都是由極小的微粒所組成,稱之為原子（atom）不同元素（element）的原子不同,但同一元素所含的原子均相同原子是組成物質的最小粒子,不能再分割化學反應是物質中原子的重新排列或組合不同元素的原子形成化合物（compound）時,原子間的比例為一固定的簡單整數比9Table1-1,p.6電子質子中子物質的基本粒子Thebasicbuildingblocksofatoms10p.7AtomicnumberAtomicnumber原子序thenumberofprotonsinthenucleusSilverSilver11Fig.1-3,p.7Amolecule分子isthesmallestparticleofanelementorcompoundthatcanhaveastableindependentexistenceFig1-3Modelsofdiatomicmoleculesofsomeelements,approximatelytoscale.Therearecalledspace-fillingmodels（比例模型）becausetheyshowtheatomswiththeirapproximaterelativesizeOthers:

@#@N2,Cl2,Br2,I212Fig.1-4,p.7Fig1-4（a）AmodeloftheP4moleculeofwhitephosphorus.（b）AmodeloftheS8ringfoundinrhombicsulfur（c）TopviewoftheS8ringinrhombicsulfurpolyatomicmolecules13Fig.1-5,p.8Fig1-5Formulasandball-and-stickmodelsformoleculesofsomecompounds.Ball-and-stick（球棍模型）modelsrepresenttheatomsasasmallerspheresthaninspace-fillingmodels,inordertoshowthechemicalbondsbetweentheatomsas“stick”甲烷乙醇Compound化合物14Fig.1-6a,p.8NationalInstituteofScienceandTechnologylogoCobaltatomsonacoppersurfaceUsingtheScanningtunnelingMicroscope34ironatomsarrangedonacoppersurface15Atom原子thesmallestparticleofanelementthatmaintainsitschemicalidentitythroughallchemicalandphysicalchangeMolecule分子thesmallestparticlesofanelementorcompoundthatcanhaveastableindependentexistenceElement元素asubstancethatcannotbedecomposedintosimplersubstancebychemicalmeansCompound化合物composedtwoormoredifferentelementsinfixedproportionscanbedecomposedintotheirconstituentelements16p.8i.Krypton氪Example1-1Modelsii.ethane乙烷iii.Nitrogen氮iv.Aspirin阿斯匹靈v.Sulfurdioxide二氧化硫vi.Copper銅atommoleculeelementcompound171-3SatesofMatterIodine碘Bromine溴Chlorine氯Fig1-7p.9（s）（l）（g）18p.9Solid（s）Gas（g）Liquid（l）Example1-2Models191-4ChemicalandPhysicalPropertiesChemicalpropertiesChemicalchangechangesincomposition鎂燃燒生成氧化鎂PhysicalpropertiesAbsenceofanychangeofcompositioncolor,density,hardness,meltingpoint,boilingpoint,andelectricalandthermalconductivitiesStatechange（ice-water-steam）ExtensiveProperties外延性質Dependsontheamountofmaterialinasample與尺度有關之性質,如重量、體積、熱.IntensiveProperties內涵性質Independentoftheamountofmaterialinasample與尺寸無關之性質,如密度、顏色、黏度、壓力、溫度、濃度.Notwodifferentsubstanceshaveidenticalsetsofchemicalandphysicalproperties20Fig.1-8,p.11Endothermic（absorbheat）Exothermic（releaseheat）蒸發/凝結冷凍/溶化昇華/沉澱PhysicalChangesPhysicalChangesOccuramongthethreestatesofmatter21Fig.1-9a,p.12Physicalproperties:

@#@（a）meltsat0oC（b）boilsat100oC（c）dissolvesawiderangeofsubstancesChemicalproperties:

@#@（d）waterreactsviolentlywithsodiumtoformhydrogengasandsodiumhydroxideWater22Table1-2,p.12醋酸苯溴鐵甲烷氧氣氯化鈉23Fig.1-10,p.131-5ChemicalandphysicalchangesChemicalchangeOneormoresubstancesareusedupOneormorenewsubstancesareformedEnergyisabsorbedorreleasedPhysicalchangeNochangeinchemicalcompositionChangeinenergysolidliquidliquidgas24p.131-6Mixtures,Substances,Compounds,andElementsMixturehavevariablecompositionMaybeseparatedbyphysicalmethodscomponents