清华大学有机化学李艳梅课件(全)第1章PPT文档格式.ppt
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有机化学A1主讲教师:
@#@李艳梅教授清华大学化学系E-mail:
@#@URL:
@#@http:
@#@/1Chapter1Introduction第一章绪论OrganicChemistryA
(1)ByProf.LiYan-MeiTsinghuaUniversityContentContentPartIOrganiccompoundsandorganicchemistryPartIOrganiccompoundsandorganicchemistry-History-History第一部分第一部分第一部分第一部分有机化合物与有机化学有机化合物与有机化学有机化合物与有机化学有机化合物与有机化学历史简介历史简介历史简介历史简介PartIIFundamentalKnowledgePartIIFundamentalKnowledge第二部分第二部分第二部分第二部分基础知识基础知识基础知识基础知识Structure,reaction&@#@ClassificationStructure,reaction&@#@ClassificationFormulasFormulasNomenclatureNomenclatureNMR,IR,UV&@#@MSNMR,IR,UV&@#@MS1.Organiccompoundsandorganicchemistry第一部分第一部分有机化合物和有机化学1.1Introductionandabriefhistory有机化学历史简介有机化学历史简介1.2Characteroforganiccompound有机化合物的特性有机化合物的特性1.3Researchfieldsinorganicchemistry有机化学研究领域有机化学研究领域1.4Themethodstostudyorganicchemistryandhowtolearnorganicchemistry有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程1.1Introductionandabriefhistory有机化学历史简介有机化学历史简介有机化学?
@#@有机化合物?
@#@Starch(淀粉)CmHnmvaluearound8Gasoline(汽油)SalicylicacidAcetylsalicylicacid乙酰水杨酸(阿斯匹林)FormalinaqueoussolutionofformaldehydeOrganicChemistryintheHistoryTomakehumanbodyintoamummy,formalinwasoftenemployedinancientEgypt.甲醛古埃及人利用有机化合物处理尸体WinewasinventedbeforeXiadynasty.ByZhoudynasty,winehasbecomeveryimportantinsacrificeevents.制酒周礼VinegarproductionhasalreadybecomeanexpecttechnologybyZhoudynasty.制醋DyeinghasbecomeamimportantindustrybeforeZhoudynasty.染色茜草ThedemiseofvitalismInancientages,mixturesoforganiccompoundswereabstractedfromnaturalproducts.Chinesetraditionaldrug,dye,andperfumeareofthiskind.Bythe18thcentury,somepureorganiccompoundswereobtained.Turtricacidwasobtainedfromgrapejuice,citricacidwasabstractedfromlemonjuice,andureawaspurifiedfromurine.1828,preparationofureafrominorganiccompoundsindicatesthedemiseof“vitalism”.In1806,famouschemist,BerzeliusJ.firstusedtheword“organicchemistry”,andstates,organiccompoundscouldnotbeproducedwithout“vitalforce(生命力生命力)”Thefactthatorganiccompoundscouldbeobtainedfrominorganiccompoundswithoutthehelpoforganismwasnotacceptedforalongtime.In1845aceticacidandin1854esterwereseparatelysynthesizedfrominorganiccompounds,indicatingthefinaldemiseofvitalism.兴趣阅读:
@#@Seeappendixfile0001:
@#@LetterbetweenWhlerandhisadviser,Berzelius.Seeappendixfile0002:
@#@WhlerspaperonsynthesisofureaSeeappendixfile0003:
@#@Problemsandanswersontheureasyntheticpaper(fromYaleUniversity)氰酸铵Abriefhistory190020001800SynthesisofureaFriedrichWhlerImportanteventsonorganicchemistry1828Synthesisofurea,indicatingdemiseofvitalismMilestoneoforganicchemistryByWhler1865BringingforwardthatcarbonisquadrivalentMilestoneofstructuraltheoryByA.Kekul1874SaturatedcarbonatomssharetetrahedraltopologyInitiationofstereochemistryByJ.H.VantHoffInitiationofstereochemistryByJ.A.LeBel1917LewisacidandLewisbasetheoryMilestoneofstructuraltheoryByLewis1931HuckelrulesTheFrontier-orbitaltheoryTheprincipleofconservationoforbitalsymmeteryMeansof“Organicchemistry”“有机化学”的含义Firstciting基于基于“生命力生命力”学说学说Basedon“vitalism”,Berzeliusfirstcitedthisword,anddeemedorganiccompoundscouldnotbeproducedwithoutthespecialpower“vitaforce”.1806Definition元素分析结果元素分析结果A.L.LavoisierandVonLiebigJ.F.inventedtheelementalanalysisprotocal.Theyfoundallorganiccompoundscontaincarbon,mostcontainhydrogen,manycontainoxygenandnitrogen.KeklandGmelindefinedorganicchemistryas“chemistryofcarbonaceouscompounds”将将“有机化合物有机化合物”定义为定义为“含碳的化合物含碳的化合物”,则,则“有机化学有机化学”即为即为“研究含碳化合物的化学研究含碳化合物的化学”Ofcourse,manycarbonaceouscompoundsarenotorganiccompounds1865SchorlemmersSchorlemmersdefinitiondefinition肖莱马的定义肖莱马的定义肖莱马的定义肖莱马的定义Basedonchemicalstructuraltheory,Schorlemmerdefinedorganiccompoundas“hydrocarbonanditsderivatives”,andorganicchemistryas“chemistryofhydrocarbonanditsderivatives”.“碳氢化合物及其衍生物”HintHint分类的关键:
@#@“性质”!
@#@而不是“组成”1.Organiccompoundsandorganicchemistry第一部分第一部分有机化合物和有机化学1.1Introductionandabriefhistory有机化学历史简介有机化学历史简介1.2Characteroforganiccompound有机化合物的特性有机化合物的特性1.3Researchfieldsinorganicchemistry有机化学研究领域有机化学研究领域1.4Themethodstostudyorganicchemistryandhowtolearnorganicchemistry有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程1.2Characteroforganiccompound有机化合物的特性有机化合物的特性结构上CovalentBond1、碳通常以共价键与其它原子相连Linktoeachothereasily2、自身成键能力强Isomersim3、同分异构现象普遍存在PhysicalPropertiesLowmeltingpoint熔点低Lowboilingpoint沸点低Highvolatility挥发性大Ofteninsoluble多数难溶于水Densityoftenlowerthanwater比重一般比水小ChemicalProperties稳定性不如无机物Lessstable易燃Inflammation反应速度慢Lowreactionrate副反应多Frequentsidereaction化学性质物理性质1.Organiccompoundsandorganicchemistry第一部分第一部分有机化合物和有机化学1.1Introductionandabriefhistory有机化学历史简介有机化学历史简介1.2Characteroforganiccompound有机化合物的特性有机化合物的特性1.3Researchfieldsinorganicchemistry有机化学研究领域有