动脉粥样硬化、冠心病PPT课件下载推荐.ppt
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n尸检(autopsy)n左冠状A前降支动脉粥样硬化,血栓形成,管腔闭塞。
前壁心肌梗死nCoronaryatherosclerosiswiththrombosisandinfarctionCoronaryatherosclerosiswiththrombosisandinfarctionn血脂过多沉积于动脉内膜并形成坏死粥糜样物质的动脉硬化性疾病n血脂异常及血管壁成分改变有关的动脉性疾病Whatsatherosclerosis?
Howtounderstandatherosclerosis?
nCause:
lipiddeposition脂质代谢障碍/内皮损伤nFeature:
gruelplaques坏死粥糜样物nSite:
large&
middlevessels大中A,弹力肌型AnOutcomes:
ischemia管壁增厚变硬,管腔阻塞,器官缺血(心脑)Definition:
动脉硬化动脉硬化(Arteriosclerosis)(HardeningofArteries)动脉粥样硬化动脉粥样硬化(Atherosclerosis)大、中大、中A,A,粥样硬化斑块粥样硬化斑块动脉中膜钙化动脉中膜钙化(MedialCalcificationSclerosis)颞颞AA、四肢四肢A,A,临床意义不大临床意义不大细动脉硬化细动脉硬化(Arteriolosclerosis)Hyalinedegeneration高血压病高血压病
(1)脂斑脂纹(fattyspot&
streak)n黄色斑点或条纹1.1.基本病变基本病变(basicpathology)basicpathology)fattypatchfattypatchfattyspot&
plaquefattyspot&
plaqueBasicpathology:
atherosclerosis
(2)纤维斑块(fibrousplaque)n纤维增生,内膜表面突出灰白色斑块n纤维帽(玻璃样变纤维,SMC)FC,SMC,基质,脂质,炎Cfibrousplaquefibrousplaque(3)(3)粥样斑块粥样斑块(atheromatousatheromatousplaque)plaque)“粥瘤粥瘤”(atheromaatheroma)斑块内坏死黄色粥糜斑块内坏死黄色粥糜样物质样物质Basicpathology:
atherosclerosisBasicpathology:
atherosclerosis表层表层纤维帽纤维帽,大量胶原玻变大量胶原玻变,基质基质,SMCSMC深部深部大量无定形坏死物大量无定形坏死物,胆固醇结晶胆固醇结晶,钙化钙化底周底周肉芽组织,少许肉芽组织,少许FCFC、淋巴淋巴CC中膜中膜SMCSMC萎缩变薄萎缩变薄,弹力纤维破坏弹力纤维破坏Summary:
morphologyofAS复合病变复合病变(Complicatedlesion)斑块内出血斑块内出血斑块破溃斑块破溃血栓形成;
血栓形成;
钙化;
动脉瘤形成动脉瘤形成动脉粥样硬化出血(Hemorrhage)动脉粥样硬化溃疡(Ulceration)动脉粥样硬化血栓形成(Thrombosis)动脉粥样硬化钙盐沉积(Calcification)动脉粥样硬化动脉瘤(aneurysm)aneurysm夹层动脉瘤形成(AortaDissectingAneurisms)Summary:
复合病变复合病变(complicatedlesion)斑块内出血(Hemorrhage):
Hemorrhage):
斑块突大,阻塞斑块破裂(Rupture):
Rupture):
溃疡形成(Ulceration)Ulceration)血栓形成(Thrombosis):
Thrombosis):
附壁血栓,栓塞,梗死钙化(Calcification):
Calcification):
A壁硬脆A瘤形成(Aneurysm):
Aneurysm):
局限性扩张或壁内大血腔2.2.主要动脉病变主要动脉病变
(1)主动脉粥样硬化(AortaAS)n部位腹主A,后壁,分支开口,n病变主动脉瘤形成Rupture大出血致命
(2)
(2)冠状动脉粥样硬化冠状动脉粥样硬化(CoronaryASCoronaryAS)n左冠状A前降支右冠状A干左冠状A旋支nOutcomes心肌急剧暂时缺血心绞痛(Anginapectoris)严重持久缺血心肌梗死(Myocardialinfarction)慢性供血不足心肌硬化(Myocardialfibrosis)突然停搏,心室颤动心源性猝死(1h,6h)(Suddencoronarydeath,SCD)(3)(3)脑动脉粥样硬化脑动脉粥样硬化CerebralVesselsAS基底动脉,大脑中动脉,Willis环脑萎缩痴呆脑梗死BrainInfarct(Stroke)BrainInfarct(Stroke)脑出血:
动脉瘤形成破裂偏瘫死亡CerebralInfarction(Stroke)(4)(4)肾动脉粥样硬化肾动脉粥样硬化(RenalAS)RenalAS)肾动脉开口,主干叶间动脉肾血管性高血压动脉粥样硬化性固缩肾(不规则瘢痕)下肢A,股浅A间歇跛行足趾干性坏疽(5)(5)四肢动脉粥样硬化四肢动脉粥样硬化(LimbsvesselAS)LimbsvesselAS)肠梗死:
剧烈腹痛,腹胀,发热,便血,肠梗阻,休克(6)(6)肠系膜动脉粥样硬化肠系膜动脉粥样硬化(mesentericarteriesAS)mesentericarteriesAS)冠冠心心病病(Coronaryheartdisease,CHD)Coronaryheartdisease冠心病冠心病:
冠状动脉性心脏病冠状动脉性心脏病(Coronaryheartdisease,CHD)冠状动脉病(Coronaryarterydisease,CAD)冠状动脉粥样硬化症(Coronaryatherosclerosis)冠状动脉性心脏病(Coronaryheartdisease)冠状A粥样硬化性心脏病(coronaryartheroscleroticheartdisease)缺血性心脏病(Ischemicheartdisease,IHD)1.1.心绞痛心绞痛(anginapectoris)心肌急剧暂时缺血心肌急剧暂时缺血2.2.心肌梗死心肌梗死(myocardialinfarction)心肌严重持久急性缺血心肌严重持久急性缺血3.3.心肌纤维化心肌纤维化(myocardialfibrosis)长期慢性缺血长期慢性缺血,慢性心衰慢性心衰4.4.冠状冠状AA性猝死性猝死(Suddencoronarydeath,SCD)676%Lesion:
coronaryheartdisease1.1.心绞痛心绞痛(anginapectorisanginapectoris)nClinic突发、短暂、一过性胸骨后压榨性或紧缩疼痛感,放射至心前区、左上肢nPathogenesis急剧、暂时心肌缺血缺O2乳酸等酸性代谢产物,组胺、缓激肽刺激痛觉神经末梢Types:
anginapectorisanginapectoris稳定型(轻型)较稳定狭窄75%不稳定型+小附壁血栓/痉挛/心肌病变变异型(Prinzmetal心绞痛):
休息或梦醒时发作心电图与其他型相反冠状动脉痉挛nCauses:
急速持久痉挛或血栓形成,缺乏侧枝循环代偿nSites:
左室前壁,心尖,室间隔前2/3左室后壁,右室,室间隔后13左室侧壁,膈面,左房2.2.心肌梗死心肌梗死(myocardialinfarction)AtheromawithThrombosisTypes:
myocardialinfarction(MI)
(1)
(1)心内膜下心肌梗死心内膜下心肌梗死(SubendocardialMI)室壁内侧1/3,小灶多发,环状梗死三大支严重狭窄+诱因
(2)区域透壁心肌梗死(RegionaltransmuralMI)室壁全层室壁全层,2.5,2.5cm,cm,厚层梗死厚层梗死(2/3)(2/3)某大支严重狭窄某大支严重狭窄+血栓形成血栓形成/痉挛痉挛Lesion:
myocardialinfarction(6h)Lesion:
myocardialinfarctionMyocardialinfarction:
凝固性坏死凝固性坏死生化变化生化变化(Biochemicalchanges)Biochemicalchanges)肌红蛋白释放肌红蛋白释放血血尿尿谷谷-草转氨酶(草转氨酶(GOTGOT)谷谷-丙转氨酶(丙转氨酶(GPTGPT)(GOTGPT)GOTGPT)肌酸磷酸激酶(肌酸磷酸激酶(CPKCPK)(CK-MB)CK-MB)肌钙蛋白(肌钙蛋白(cTnT/cTnIcTnT/cTnI)MyocardialinfarctionComplications:
myocardialinfarction乳头肌功能失调(Papillarymuscledysfunction)50%,1%(二尖瓣乳头肌断裂),二尖瓣关闭不全心脏破裂心脏破裂(Ruptureofheart)1-3%Ruptureofheart)1-3%左室前壁下左室前壁下1/31/3破裂破裂心包填塞心包填塞急死急死室间隔断裂室间隔断裂(SeptalSeptalrupture)rupture)血室入右血室入右右心功能不全右心功能不全PapillarymuscleruptureRuptureofheartRuptureofheartComplications:
myocardialinfarction室壁瘤(Ventricularaneurysm)10-30%薄弱局限性膨出无博动或反常搏动室壁瘤(Ventricularaneurysm)Ventricularaneurysm)Complications:
myocardialinfarction附壁血栓形成附壁血栓形成(Muralthrombosis)10%10%急性心包炎急性心包炎(Acutepericarditis)15-30%15-30%心力衰竭心力衰竭(Heartfailure)32-48%32-48%心源性休克心源性休克(Cardiogenicshock)20%(40%)20%(40%)心律失常心律失常(Arrhythmia)75-95%75-95%MuralthrombosisAdvanceinetiology&
pathogenesisofatherosclerosisRiskFactorsnNonmodifiablenmiddletolateAgenMaleSex,nGenetic-Hyperchol.nFamilyhistorynPotentiallyModifiablenHyperlipidemiaHDL/LDLratio.nHyperten