英语词汇学五六章Word文档下载推荐.docx
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所指、概念、语义de内涵及其区别。
2.词义的理据:
记忆:
拟声理据、形态理据、语义理据、词源理据
领会:
词义的理据与“conventional”之间的关系。
3.词义的类别
领会和运用:
语法意义、词汇意义、概念意义、关联意义、内含意义、文体意义、搭配意义
5.1Themeaningof‘meaning’P81
Inlinguistics,semanticsisgenerallyconsideredtobethestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
词汇学中研究的意义的是词汇的意义Lexicalmeaning:
Reference(referent):
~istherelationbetweenlanguageandtheworld.
Concept:
definition,differencefromreference
Sense:
definition
Wordsdonothavemeaningbeforetheyacquirereference.
Referenceandreferent(所指物):
Onlywhenaconnectionisestablishedbetweenthelinguisticsign——theword,andareferentdoesthesignhavemeaning.
只有当语言符号与其所指物之间建立起关系时,该语符才有了意义。
‘Bymeansofreference,aspeakerindicateswhichthingsintheworldarebeingtalkedabout’(Hurford&
Heasley1983:
25).
Areferent:
anobject,aphenomenon,aperson,etc.
Thereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitraryandconventional.Thisistheresultofgeneralizationandabstraction.
人类的概括化和抽象导致了事物和指称某事物的语言符号之间的任意性和约定俗成性关系。
Thesamething(referent)canhavedifferentreferringexpressions.
同一事物可以有许多不同的语言表达式(不同的语言、同一种语言)
Inspecificcontexts,referencecanrefertosomethingspecific.
在没有特定语境时,指称指的是笼统的概念,即泛指(general)。
但在特定语境中,指称可以指具体的事物,即特指(specific)。
Examples:
ThesearePersiancats.
ThisisWangwang.Itismyson’sdog.
Thedognamed‘行善’.
Thisanimalisacat.
S/heisacat.
思考题:
Doeseverywordhavereference?
Idea,fear,love,probable,enthusiasm,encouragement
5.1.2Concept概念
Meaningisusuallyusedinthesenseof‘concept’.Theyarecloselyrelatedbutnotidentical.意义通常指的是概念。
两者紧密联系而又不同。
Theyarebothrelatedtoreferents,botharenotionsofthewords,butbelongtodifferentcategories.两者都与指称物相关,都是词的内容,但却属于不同的范畴。
Conceptisbeyondlanguage.Itistheresultofhumancognitionoftheobjectiveworldinhumanmind.概念在语言之外。
它是人类对客观世界的事物认知的结果。
concept(humancognitioninmind)
Word
referent(objects)
比如,therelationbetweentheword‘tree’andtheactualplant.
Thereisnodirectlinkbetweenwordandreferent(languageandtheworld),thelinkisviahumanconceptinourminds.
词与指称物之间没有直接联系,联系是通过人类大脑中对客观事物形成的概念建立起来的。
Aconceptcanbeexpressedinmanydifferentways.
Dialectsofthesamelanguage,suchasShanghainese,Cantonese,PutongHua上海话、广东话
Differentlanguagescouldexpressthesameconcept.Forexample,indifferentcultures,therearedifferentwordsfortheconceptof‘snow’.
‘snow,flake,grue(Scotland),雪xue;
うき’
Shu(树),tree,き(ki:
)
5.1.3
Sense语言的内部意义
Sensedenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.语言内部的关系。
Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.
词的Sense就是该词在语言中与其它表达方式,比如词之间的语义关系。
Senseandreference
Theyrefertotworelatedaspectsofmeaning.
Senserelatestothecomplexsystemofrelationsthatholdbetweenthelinguisticelementsthemselves(mostlywords);
itisconcernedwithintra-linguisticrelations.
Sense与语言成分(词汇)之间的复杂的关系系统有关;
它研究的是语言内部关系。
Hence,senserelationsisanimportantpartoflanguagestudies(详见chapter6).
Referencedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements(words,sentences,etc.)andthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
Reference研究的是语言成分与非语言的世界经验之间的关系。
Somelinguistssuggestthatwehavetwokindsofsemantics,onethatdealswithsemanticstructureandtheotherthatdealswithmeaningintermsofourexperienceoutsidelanguage.Inotherwords,oneisintra-linguistic,whichwecallsenseorsenserelations;
theotherrelatestonon-linguisticentities,whichwecallreference.
5.2Motivation理据:
现代语言学的一个基本概念。
什么是理据?
理据有哪些主要类型?
Motivationexplainstheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.
理据解释的是语言符号及其意义之间的关系。
Couldyouexplainwhydothewords‘dog’,‘水,山,月,なべ,锅’refertodifferentobjectsintheworld?
两种主要分歧、两种观点:
像似派、任意派。
Sincetherelationbetweenword-formandmeaningisarbitraryand_____,mostwordsarenon-motivated.
识记四种主要理据:
拟声onomatopoeic~
词形理据morphological~:
语义理据semantic~
词源理据etymological~
理解四种理据的定义,记住几种例子。
词形理据
Themeaningsofcompoundsandderivedwordsarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.Onecanfigureoutthemeaningofthewordbythemeaningsofthemorphemes,suchasprefixes,suffixes.
e.g.autobiography
Notallcompoundshavethecombinationofseparatepartsastheirmeanings.
e.g.Blackmarket,
语义理据
Referstothementalassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.
Themouthofariver,
Theteethofasaw
Thetongueofashoe
Thefootofamountain
汉语的‘山腰、山脚、山顶、山脊’
e.g.metaphor,
m