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2003年考研翻译英译汉试题

03考题Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.（61）Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.

此外，人类有能力改变他们生活的环境，从而使其他所有的生命形式服从于他们自己的奇思异想。

Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.

“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.

Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.（62）Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.

社会科学乃知识探求中的一支，它研究人类和人类的活动，以一种理性、有序、体系化和冷静的方式进行，就像自然科学家研究自然现象的方式一样。

Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.

Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.（63）Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.

强调第一手资料的收集，和分析古今文化时的跨文化视角，都使得人类学研究成为一门独特而异常重要的社会科学。

Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor'

sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.（64）Tylordefinedcultureas“...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”

泰勒把文化定义为：

“一种复杂的整体，包含了信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人类作为社会成员所获得的其他能力与习惯。

”

Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor'

sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned.shared,andpatternedbehavior.

（65）Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,"

liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.

因此，“文化”的人类学概念，正如数学中“集合”的概念一样，是一种可能将诸种具体研究和领悟集合在一起的抽象概念。

2004年考研翻译英译汉试题

04考题Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.（61）TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagecouldbe. 

希腊人认为语言的结构与思想的过程有关，在人们尚未意识到语言可以达到的多样化程度之前，这种观点就已经深深扎根于欧洲了。

Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.（62）Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Other

我们对他们深表感激，因为，有些土著语言自此之后就消失了，原因是讲这些土著语的民族消亡了或者被同化了，从而失去了他们的本族语言。

linguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom"

exotic"

language,werenotalwayssograteful.（63）ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.新近研究的语言经常与欧洲和东南亚那些经过仔细研究的语言迥乎不同，以至于一些学者指责鲍亚斯和萨皮尔编造数据。

NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.

Sapir’spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.（64）Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.

因为对语言与思想之间的关系感兴趣，沃尔夫发展出一种观点，认为语言的结构决定了一个社会中的习惯性思维的结构。

Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.（65）Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesf