大学英语之基础英语综合教程第二册unit4languageWord下载.docx

大学英语之基础英语综合教程第二册unit4languageWord下载.docx

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大学英语之基础英语综合教程第二册unit4language@#@CulturalEncounters@#@SusanBassnett@#@@#@1WeliveinanageofeasyaccesstotherestoftheCheapflightsmeanthatmillionsofpeopleareabletovisitplacestheirparentscouldonlydreamabout,whiletheInternetenablesustocommunicatewiththeremotestplacesandthetraditionalpostalservicesarenowreferredtoalmostmockinglyas“snailmail.”Whenstudentsgooffbackpacking,theycanemailtheirparentsfromInternetcafesintheHimalayasorfromadesertoasis.Andasformobilephones—theclickingoftextmessagingatanyhourofthedayornighthasbecomefamiliartousall.Everyone,itseems,provided,ofcourse,theycanaffordtodoso,needneverbeoutoftouch.@#@2Significantlyalso,thisgreatglobalcommunicationsrevolutionisalsolinkedtotheexpansionofEnglish,whichhasnowbecometheleadinginternationallanguage.ConferencesandbusinessmeetingsaroundtheglobeareheldinEnglish,regardlessofwhetheranyonepresentisanativeEnglishspeaker.Englishhassimplybecomethelanguagethatfacilitatescommunication,andformanypeoplelearningEnglishisanessentialsteppingstoneontheroadto@#@3Sowhy,youmaywonder,wouldanyonehavemisgivingsaboutallthesewonderfuldevelopments,andwhydoestheriseofEnglishasagloballanguagecausefeelingsofuneasinessforsomeofus?

@#@Forthereareindeedproblemswiththecommunicationsrevolution,problemsthatarenotonlyeconomic.Mostfundamentalistheprofoundrelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturethatliesattheheartofsocietyandonethatweoverlookatour@#@4Differentculturesarenotsimplygroupsofpeoplewholabeltheworlddifferently;@#@languagesgiveusthemeanstoshapeourviewsoftheworldandlanguagesaredifferentfromoneanother.Weexpresswhatweseeandfeelthroughlanguage,andbecauselanguagesaresoclearlyculture-related,4oftenwefindthatwhatwecansayinonelanguagecannotbeexpressedatallinanother.TheEnglishword“homesickness”translatesintoItalianas“nostalgia,”butEnglishhashadtoborrowthatsamewordtodescribeadifferentstateofmind,somethingthatisnotquitehomesicknessandinvolvesakindoflonging.Homesicknessandnostalgiaputtogetherarealmost,butnotquite,thePortuguese“saudade,”anuntranslatablewordthatdescribesastateofmindthatisnotdespair,angst（EnglishborrowedthatfromGerman）,sadnessorregret,buthoverssomewhereinandaroundallthosewords.@#@5TheearlyBibletranslatorshittheproblemofuntranslatabilityhead-on.HowdoyoutranslatetheimageoftheLambofGodforacultureinwhichsheepdonotexist?

@#@WhatexactlywasthefruitthatEve11pickedintheGardenofEden?

@#@WhatwasthecreaturethatswallowedJonah,giventhatwhalesarenotgiventoswimminginwarm,southernseas?

@#@5Facedwithunsurmountablelinguisticproblems,translatorsnegotiatedtheboundariesbetweenlanguagesandcameupwitha@#@6Compromisingissomethingthatspeakersofmorethanonelanguageunderstand.Whentherearenowordsinanotherlanguageforwhatyouwanttosay,youmakeadjustmentsandtrytoEnglishandWelshspeakersmakeadjustmentsregardingthecolorspectruminthegrey/green/blue/brownrange,sinceEnglishhasfourwordsandWelshhasthree.Andevenwherewordsdoexist,compromisesstillneedtobemade.Theword“democracy”meanscompletelydifferentthingsindifferentcontexts,andevenawordlike“bread”whichreferstoastaplefooditemmadeofflourmeanstotallydifferentthingstodifferentpeople.TheflatbreadsofCentralAsiaarealongwayawayfromMother’sPridewhiteslicedtoasties,yettheword“bread”hastoserveforboth.@#@7Inevitably,thespreadofEnglishmeansthatmillionsofpeopleareaddinganotherlanguagetotheirownandarelearninghowtonegotiateculturalandlinguisticdifferences.Thisisanessentialskillintoday’shybridworld,particularlynowwhentheneedforinternationalunderstandinghasrarelybeensoimportant.Butevenasmorepeoplebecomemultilingual,sonativeEnglishspeakersarelosingout,fortheyarebecomingevermoremonolingual,andhenceincreasinglyunawareofthedifferencesbetweenculturesthatlanguagesreveal.Communicatinginanotherlanguageinvolvesnotonlylinguisticskills,buttheabilitytothinkdifferently,toenterintoanotherculture’smentalityandshapelanguageMillionsofpeoplearediscoveringhowtobridgecultures,whiletheEnglish-speakingworldbecomesevermorecomplacentandcutsdownonforeignlanguagelearningprogramsinthemistakenbeliefthatitisenoughtoknowEnglish.@#@8Worldpeaceinthefuturedependsoninterculturalunderstanding.Thosebestplacedtohelpthatprocessmaynotbetheoneswiththelatesttechnologyandstate-of-the-artmobilephones,butthosewiththeskillstounderstandwhatliesin,underandbeyondthewordssp