大学英语四级考试模拟试题四Word格式.docx

大学英语四级考试模拟试题四Word格式.docx

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PartIWriting（30minutes）

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic"

TOEFLInternet-BasedTest"

.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.托福考试改为网考；

2.网考的利与弊。

PartIIReadingComprehension

（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestions.Forquestions1-7,markY（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.N（forNO）ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage.NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

"

Theclimateproblemcanbyandlargebesolvediftheeighttotenlargestcountriesintheworldcanagreeoneffectiveclimatemeasures,"

saysProfessorJonHovi.

OneofthethemesatarecentclimateconferencearrangedbytheNorwegianresearchprogramRENERGIwashowwecanachieveaneffectiveinternationalclimateagreement.ProfessorofpoliticalscienceJonHoviattheUniversityofOsloandCICEROhasstudiedthistopicforyears.Hearguesthatalthoughtheinternationalcommunityfacesmanyobstaclesindealingwiththeclimateproblem,solutionsarepossible.

ContinuetheKyotoProcess?

HovidoubtswhetheranagreementthatwouldbasicallyextendtheKyotoProtocolforanothercommitmentperiodisthewaytogotoachievemoreeffectiveclimatecooperation.

TheKyotoProtocolhasbeendescribedasacautiousfirststep,onethatwillmakeitpossibleforotherstojoininlater.ButkeycountriesliketheUnitedStateshavelittleinterestinjoininganinternationalclimateagreementbasedontheKyotoProtocol,"

saysHovi.

Onesuggestionforincreasingtheinterestforothercountriestojointheclimatecooperationistolinktheclimateissuetootherareasofinternationalcooperation,suchastechnology,trade,ordevelopmentassistance.ButHovidoesnotbelievethatsuchissuelinkagewillbereliable.Forexample,itisnotinthebestinterestsoftheKyotocountriestounderminetheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）byintroducingtraderestrictionsagainstcountriesthatdonotparticipateinKyoto—suchastheUnitedStates.Moreover,theWTO’snondiscriminationprinciplesmakeitdifficulttointroducetraderestrictionsagainsttheUnitedStatesandAustraliabutnotagainstdevelopingcountries,whichalsodonothavebindingemissionstargets.

Besides,historyshowsthatthiskindofpressurerarelyworksonasuperpowersuchastheUnitedStates,"

Anotherobstacleisthatdevelopingcountriesprotecttheirowneconomicdevelopment.TheywillnotacceptbindingemissionstargetsuntiltheUnitedStatesalsoreducesitsowngreenhousegasemissions.Atthesametime,theUnitedStatesisunwillingtoendangerthecompetitivenessofitsownbusinessandindustry,andthusdoesnotwishtoparticipateinaninternationalagreementthatdoesnotalsoincludethedevelopingcountries.

Toovercomethisparticularobstacle,weshouldfocusonclimatemeasuresthatdonotthreateneconomicdevelopment,"

advisesHovi.

TheUnitedStatesisalsodoubtfulabouttheUNsystem,andHovibelievesthatanalternativeinternationalclimateagreementshouldnotnecessarilybeputtogetherwithintheUNframework,astheKyotoProtocolis.

PointofDepartureinAmericanClimatePolicy?

Hovibelievesthatinthelongrun,awaytoreengagetheUnitedStatesmightbetobaseafutureclimateagreementonfederalU.S.climatepolicy.

TheUnitedStatesisoftenmorewillingtocooperatewhenitalreadyhasanationalpolicyinplace.Forexample,'

MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer’inmanywaysrepresentedaninternationalextensionofaregulatoryframeworkthatalreadyexistedintheUnitedStates.ThusU.S.businessandindustryactedasapusherintheefforttobuildaninternationalagreement."

ButtheproblemwiththispolicyisthattherecurrentlyisnosimilarU.S.climatepolicyatthefederallevel.Whateverpolicyexistsisfragmentedandformativeatbest.

TheKyototargetsarecostlytomeet.Kyotothusdependsoneffectiveenforcement.TheenforcementmechanismthatwasintroducedthroughtheMarrakeshAccordsisprimarilybasedonasystemwherebycountriesthatdonotmeettheirtargetsduringthefirstcommitmentperiodaresanctionedbyhavingtoreduceevenmoreduringthesecondperiod.Theproblemisthatthereisnothingtostopanonobedientcountryfromputtingoffthisadditionalemissionsreduction—perhapsindefinitely.

Inaddition,innocentthirdpartiessufferwhenthesanctionsarecarriedout.Asapotentialbuyerofemissionspermitsandamajorexporteroffossilfuels,Norwayw