大学英语四级考试模拟试题四Word格式.docx
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PartIWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic"
TOEFLInternet-BasedTest"
.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
1.托福考试改为网考;
2.网考的利与弊。
PartIIReadingComprehension
(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestions.Forquestions1-7,markY(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage.NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
"
Theclimateproblemcanbyandlargebesolvediftheeighttotenlargestcountriesintheworldcanagreeoneffectiveclimatemeasures,"
saysProfessorJonHovi.
OneofthethemesatarecentclimateconferencearrangedbytheNorwegianresearchprogramRENERGIwashowwecanachieveaneffectiveinternationalclimateagreement.ProfessorofpoliticalscienceJonHoviattheUniversityofOsloandCICEROhasstudiedthistopicforyears.Hearguesthatalthoughtheinternationalcommunityfacesmanyobstaclesindealingwiththeclimateproblem,solutionsarepossible.
ContinuetheKyotoProcess?
HovidoubtswhetheranagreementthatwouldbasicallyextendtheKyotoProtocolforanothercommitmentperiodisthewaytogotoachievemoreeffectiveclimatecooperation.
TheKyotoProtocolhasbeendescribedasacautiousfirststep,onethatwillmakeitpossibleforotherstojoininlater.ButkeycountriesliketheUnitedStateshavelittleinterestinjoininganinternationalclimateagreementbasedontheKyotoProtocol,"
saysHovi.
Onesuggestionforincreasingtheinterestforothercountriestojointheclimatecooperationistolinktheclimateissuetootherareasofinternationalcooperation,suchastechnology,trade,ordevelopmentassistance.ButHovidoesnotbelievethatsuchissuelinkagewillbereliable.Forexample,itisnotinthebestinterestsoftheKyotocountriestounderminetheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)byintroducingtraderestrictionsagainstcountriesthatdonotparticipateinKyoto—suchastheUnitedStates.Moreover,theWTO’snondiscriminationprinciplesmakeitdifficulttointroducetraderestrictionsagainsttheUnitedStatesandAustraliabutnotagainstdevelopingcountries,whichalsodonothavebindingemissionstargets.
Besides,historyshowsthatthiskindofpressurerarelyworksonasuperpowersuchastheUnitedStates,"
Anotherobstacleisthatdevelopingcountriesprotecttheirowneconomicdevelopment.TheywillnotacceptbindingemissionstargetsuntiltheUnitedStatesalsoreducesitsowngreenhousegasemissions.Atthesametime,theUnitedStatesisunwillingtoendangerthecompetitivenessofitsownbusinessandindustry,andthusdoesnotwishtoparticipateinaninternationalagreementthatdoesnotalsoincludethedevelopingcountries.
Toovercomethisparticularobstacle,weshouldfocusonclimatemeasuresthatdonotthreateneconomicdevelopment,"
advisesHovi.
TheUnitedStatesisalsodoubtfulabouttheUNsystem,andHovibelievesthatanalternativeinternationalclimateagreementshouldnotnecessarilybeputtogetherwithintheUNframework,astheKyotoProtocolis.
PointofDepartureinAmericanClimatePolicy?
Hovibelievesthatinthelongrun,awaytoreengagetheUnitedStatesmightbetobaseafutureclimateagreementonfederalU.S.climatepolicy.
TheUnitedStatesisoftenmorewillingtocooperatewhenitalreadyhasanationalpolicyinplace.Forexample,'
MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer’inmanywaysrepresentedaninternationalextensionofaregulatoryframeworkthatalreadyexistedintheUnitedStates.ThusU.S.businessandindustryactedasapusherintheefforttobuildaninternationalagreement."
ButtheproblemwiththispolicyisthattherecurrentlyisnosimilarU.S.climatepolicyatthefederallevel.Whateverpolicyexistsisfragmentedandformativeatbest.
TheKyototargetsarecostlytomeet.Kyotothusdependsoneffectiveenforcement.TheenforcementmechanismthatwasintroducedthroughtheMarrakeshAccordsisprimarilybasedonasystemwherebycountriesthatdonotmeettheirtargetsduringthefirstcommitmentperiodaresanctionedbyhavingtoreduceevenmoreduringthesecondperiod.Theproblemisthatthereisnothingtostopanonobedientcountryfromputtingoffthisadditionalemissionsreduction—perhapsindefinitely.
Inaddition,innocentthirdpartiessufferwhenthesanctionsarecarriedout.Asapotentialbuyerofemissionspermitsandamajorexporteroffossilfuels,Norwayw