城市经济学奥沙利文Chap008PPT文档格式.ppt

城市经济学奥沙利文Chap008PPT文档格式.ppt

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Majorityrules8-58-68-7MajorityRuleandtheMedianVoterSeriesofbinaryelectionsWinningsizeispreferredsizeofmedianvoter8-8FormationofHomogeneousMunicipalitiesMetroareainitiallyhas3diversemunicipalities,eachwith3citizensSortingbyparkdemandmakesallowseveryonetogetpreferredparkLoistypesformmunicipalitywithsmallparkMariantypesformmunicipalitywithmediumparkHiramtypesformmunicipalitywithlargeparkHomogeneousmunicipalitiesaccommodatediversityindemand8-9MunicipalityFormationforTaxPurposesSofar,assumethateachcitizen/voterinamunicipalitypaysthesametaxWhatiftaxbasevariesacrosscitizens?

8-10ImplicationsofVariationinTaxBaseVariationintaxbaseincreasesnumberofcommunitiesfrom3to9RealcitiesTaxonpropertyVariationinpropertyvaluecausesmunicipalformation8-11NeighborhoodExternalitiesExternalitiesforkidsPositiveadultrolemodelsforkidsClassmatesinschool:

focusedvs.disruptiveAdultexternalities:

Jobinformation,drugusePositiveexternalitiesincreasewithincomeandeducationlevel8-12NeighborhoodChoice:

IntroductionWhogetsthedesirableneighbors?

Segregatedorintegratedneighborhoods?

Sortingormixingwithrespecttoincome,age,race?

Implicationsforthepriceofland?

8-13BiddingforLotsinDesirableNeighborhoodsFocusonpositiveexternalitiesthatincreasewithincomeandeducationlevelWhatisincomemixofneighborhoods-segregated,orintegrated?

ModelsetupTwoneighborhoods,AandB,eachwith100lotsTwoincomegroups（highandlow）,eachwith100householdsOnlydifferencebetweenneighborhoodsisincomemix8-14LookingforaStableEquilibriumStartingpoint:

Integrated（50-50）neighborhoodSmallmovetowardsegregation:

Self-reinforcingorself-correcting?

DifferentOutcomes（StableEquilibria）Segregation:

Figure8-2Integration:

Figure8-3Mixed:

Figure8-48-158-168-178-18RentPremiuminMixedNeighborhoodsPremium=$24EachhouseholdinA（high&

lowincome）pays$24extraHouseholdsinBhaveinferiorincomemixbutpay$24lessinrentAxiom1:

Pricesadjustforlocationalequilibrium8-198-20RoleofLotSizeLandas“normal”good:

High-incomehouseholdschooselargerlotsLargerlotmeanssmallerpremiumperunitoflandPairoflow-incomehouseholdsoutbidssinglehigh-incomehouseholdResult:

Integrationratherthansegregation8-21MinimumLotSizeZoningandSegregationMLSincreasespremiumperunitlandforlow-incomehouseholdLow-incomehouseholdsmorelikelytobeoutbidforlotsinAMLSpromotessegregation8-22SchoolsandNeighborhoodChoice:

IntroductionHowdoesachievementvaryacrossneighborhoods?

Howdolocalschoolsaffectlocationchoices?

8-238-24EducationProductionFunctionAchievement=f（H,P,T,S）Homeenvironment（H）mostimportantinputFavorablepeers（P）aresmart,motivated,notdisruptiveTeachers（T）varyinproductivitySmallerclasssize（S）promoteslearningLargestgainsforlow-incomestudentsHighergraduationratesandcollegeattendance8-25EducationandIncomeSortingFiscalsorting:

DemandforschoolspendingincreaseswithincomePeersorting:

WTPforbetterschoolpeersincreaseswithincome8-26CrimeandNeighborhoodChoice:

IntroductionHowdoescrimevaryacrossneighborhoods?

Howdoesvariationincrimeaffectlocationchoicesandhousingprices?

8-278-288-29ImplicationsofSpatialVariationinCrimeElasticityofhousevaluewithrespecttocrimerate=-0.067WTPforlow-crimeneighborhoodincreaseswithincomeResult:

Incomesegregation8-30MeasuringRacialSegregationBlacks:

2/3incentralcities;

1/3insuburbs;

ReverseforwhitesUSIndexofdissimilarity=0.64:

64%ofmustrelocateforintegration1980-2000,indexdecreasedin203of220metropolitanareas;

averagereductionwas12%Smallreductionsinmostsegregatedcities（Detroit,Milwaukee,NewYork,Newark,Chicago,Cleveland）8-318-328-33RacialPreferencesandNeighborhoodChoiceBlacks:

majoritypreferintegration;

integrationmeans50-50splitWhites:

majorityprefersegregation;

integrationmeans80-20split8-348-35OtherReasonsforRacialSegregationRacialsegregationasabyproductofincomesegregation:

SmallcontributionMinimumlotsizezoningexcludeslow-incomehouseholdsRacialsteering（reflectingprejudice）reducesaccessofblackhouseholdsPublichousingconcentrateslow-incomehouseholdsAlternative:

Portablevouchersreduceconcentration8-36TheSpatialMismatchConcentrationoflow-income&

minorityworkersincentralcity,farfromsuburbanjobsLongercommutingtimeandhighercommutingtimeLoweremploymentratesforblackyouthsInfer