城市经济学奥沙利文Chap008PPT文档格式.ppt
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Majorityrules8-58-68-7MajorityRuleandtheMedianVoterSeriesofbinaryelectionsWinningsizeispreferredsizeofmedianvoter8-8FormationofHomogeneousMunicipalitiesMetroareainitiallyhas3diversemunicipalities,eachwith3citizensSortingbyparkdemandmakesallowseveryonetogetpreferredparkLoistypesformmunicipalitywithsmallparkMariantypesformmunicipalitywithmediumparkHiramtypesformmunicipalitywithlargeparkHomogeneousmunicipalitiesaccommodatediversityindemand8-9MunicipalityFormationforTaxPurposesSofar,assumethateachcitizen/voterinamunicipalitypaysthesametaxWhatiftaxbasevariesacrosscitizens?
8-10ImplicationsofVariationinTaxBaseVariationintaxbaseincreasesnumberofcommunitiesfrom3to9RealcitiesTaxonpropertyVariationinpropertyvaluecausesmunicipalformation8-11NeighborhoodExternalitiesExternalitiesforkidsPositiveadultrolemodelsforkidsClassmatesinschool:
focusedvs.disruptiveAdultexternalities:
Jobinformation,drugusePositiveexternalitiesincreasewithincomeandeducationlevel8-12NeighborhoodChoice:
IntroductionWhogetsthedesirableneighbors?
Segregatedorintegratedneighborhoods?
Sortingormixingwithrespecttoincome,age,race?
Implicationsforthepriceofland?
8-13BiddingforLotsinDesirableNeighborhoodsFocusonpositiveexternalitiesthatincreasewithincomeandeducationlevelWhatisincomemixofneighborhoods-segregated,orintegrated?
ModelsetupTwoneighborhoods,AandB,eachwith100lotsTwoincomegroups(highandlow),eachwith100householdsOnlydifferencebetweenneighborhoodsisincomemix8-14LookingforaStableEquilibriumStartingpoint:
Integrated(50-50)neighborhoodSmallmovetowardsegregation:
Self-reinforcingorself-correcting?
DifferentOutcomes(StableEquilibria)Segregation:
Figure8-2Integration:
Figure8-3Mixed:
Figure8-48-158-168-178-18RentPremiuminMixedNeighborhoodsPremium=$24EachhouseholdinA(high&
lowincome)pays$24extraHouseholdsinBhaveinferiorincomemixbutpay$24lessinrentAxiom1:
Pricesadjustforlocationalequilibrium8-198-20RoleofLotSizeLandas“normal”good:
High-incomehouseholdschooselargerlotsLargerlotmeanssmallerpremiumperunitoflandPairoflow-incomehouseholdsoutbidssinglehigh-incomehouseholdResult:
Integrationratherthansegregation8-21MinimumLotSizeZoningandSegregationMLSincreasespremiumperunitlandforlow-incomehouseholdLow-incomehouseholdsmorelikelytobeoutbidforlotsinAMLSpromotessegregation8-22SchoolsandNeighborhoodChoice:
IntroductionHowdoesachievementvaryacrossneighborhoods?
Howdolocalschoolsaffectlocationchoices?
8-238-24EducationProductionFunctionAchievement=f(H,P,T,S)Homeenvironment(H)mostimportantinputFavorablepeers(P)aresmart,motivated,notdisruptiveTeachers(T)varyinproductivitySmallerclasssize(S)promoteslearningLargestgainsforlow-incomestudentsHighergraduationratesandcollegeattendance8-25EducationandIncomeSortingFiscalsorting:
DemandforschoolspendingincreaseswithincomePeersorting:
WTPforbetterschoolpeersincreaseswithincome8-26CrimeandNeighborhoodChoice:
IntroductionHowdoescrimevaryacrossneighborhoods?
Howdoesvariationincrimeaffectlocationchoicesandhousingprices?
8-278-288-29ImplicationsofSpatialVariationinCrimeElasticityofhousevaluewithrespecttocrimerate=-0.067WTPforlow-crimeneighborhoodincreaseswithincomeResult:
Incomesegregation8-30MeasuringRacialSegregationBlacks:
2/3incentralcities;
1/3insuburbs;
ReverseforwhitesUSIndexofdissimilarity=0.64:
64%ofmustrelocateforintegration1980-2000,indexdecreasedin203of220metropolitanareas;
averagereductionwas12%Smallreductionsinmostsegregatedcities(Detroit,Milwaukee,NewYork,Newark,Chicago,Cleveland)8-318-328-33RacialPreferencesandNeighborhoodChoiceBlacks:
majoritypreferintegration;
integrationmeans50-50splitWhites:
majorityprefersegregation;
integrationmeans80-20split8-348-35OtherReasonsforRacialSegregationRacialsegregationasabyproductofincomesegregation:
SmallcontributionMinimumlotsizezoningexcludeslow-incomehouseholdsRacialsteering(reflectingprejudice)reducesaccessofblackhouseholdsPublichousingconcentrateslow-incomehouseholdsAlternative:
Portablevouchersreduceconcentration8-36TheSpatialMismatchConcentrationoflow-income&
minorityworkersincentralcity,farfromsuburbanjobsLongercommutingtimeandhighercommutingtimeLoweremploymentratesforblackyouthsInfer