语言学第六章笔记和习题1Word文件下载.docx

语言学第六章笔记和习题1Word文件下载.docx

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Semanticsstudiesliteral,structuralorlexicalmeaning,whilepragmaticsstudiesnon-literal,implicit,intendedmeaning,orspeaker’smeaning.

Semanticsiscontextindependent,decontextualized,whilepragmaticsiscontextdependent,contextualized.

Semanticsdealswithwhatissaid,whilepragmaticsdealswithwhatisimplicatedorinferred.

Whatessentiallydistinguishsemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered

Ifitisnot,itissemantics.

Ifitis,itispragmatics.

Pragmaticanalysisofmeaningisfirstandforemostconcernedwiththestudyofwhatiscommunicatedbyaspeaker/writerandinterpretedbyalistener/reader.

Analysisofintentionalmeaningnecessarilyinvolvestheinterpretationofwhatpeopledothroughlanguageinaparticularcontext.

Intendedmeaningmayormaynotbeexplicitlyexpressed.Pragmaticanalysisalsoexploreshowlisteners/readersmakeinferencesaboutwhatiscommunicated.

SomebasicnotionsinPragmatics

Context

Pragmaticsvs.semantics

Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning

Context

Context----abasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchasculturalbackground,situation（time,place,manner,etc.）,therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,etc.….

Pragmaticsvs.semantics

Semantics----isthestudyoftheliteralmeaningofasentence（withouttakingcontextintoconsideration）.

Pragmatics----thestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeaker（takingcontextintoconsideration）,.

“TodayisSunday”,semantically,itmeansthattodayisthefirstdayoftheweek;

pragmatically,youcanmeanalotbysayingthis,alldependingonthecontextandtheintentionofthespeaker,say,makingasuggestionorgivinganinvitation…

Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning

----Sentencemeaning:

Abstractandcontext-independentmeaning;

literalmeaningofasentence;

havingadyadicrelationasin:

WhatdoesXmean

----utterancemeaning:

concreteandcontext-dependentmeaning;

intendedmeaningofaspeaker;

havingatriadicrelationasin:

WhatdidyoumeanbyX

Forexample,“Thebagisheavy”canmean

abagbeingheavy（sentencemeaning）;

anindirect,politerequest,askingthehearertohelphimcarrythebag;

thespeakerisdecliningsomeone’srequestforhelp.

Thedogisbarking.

Ifwetakeitasagrammaticalunitandconsideritasaself-containedunitinisolation,thenwetreatitasasentence.

Ifwetakeitassomethingaspeakeruttersinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,thenwearetreatingitasanutterance.

Note:

Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonthesentencemeaning;

itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext;

utterancemeaningisricherthansentencemeaning;

itisidenticalwiththepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersthesentence.

SpeechactsisatermderivedfromtheworkofthephilosopherJ.Austin（1962）andnowusedtorefertoatheorywhichanalyzestheroleofutterancesinrelationtothebehaviorofthespeakerandthehearerininterpersonalcommunication.Itaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage”

Inlinguisticcommunication,peopledonotmerelyexchangeinformation.Theyactuallydosomethingthroughtalkingorwritinginvariouscircumstances.Actionsperformedviaspeakingarecalledspeechacts.

Twotypesofutterances

Constatives（叙述句）----statementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiable;

Performatives（施为句）----sentencesthatdonotstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.

Sometimestheyareeasytogetconfused,.“Itisrainingoutside”canbeaconstative,andalsoaperformative,forbyutteringsuchasentence,wemaynotonlystateafact,butinvolveintheactofinformingsomeoneabouttherain.

SomeExamplesofPerformatives

“Ido”

“InamethisshipElizabeth.”

“Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.”

“Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.”

“Ideclarethemeetingopen.”

Austin’snewmodelofspeechacts

----AccordingtoAustin’snewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:

locutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.

Thelocutionaryact----anactofsayingsomething,utteringwords,phrases,clauses,.anactofmakingameaningfulutterance（literalmeaningofanutterance）;

Itistheactofconveyin