戴炜栋语言学教程必背考点Word文档下载推荐.docx

戴炜栋语言学教程必背考点Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Chapter2Phonology

Chapter3Morphology

Chapter4Syntax

Chapter5Semantics

Chapter6Pragmatics

Chapter7LanguageChange

Chapter8LanguageandSociety

Chapter9LanguageandCulture

Chapter10LanguageAcquisition

Chapter11SecondLanguageAcquisition

Chapter12LanguageAndTheBrain

《新编简明英语语言学教程》

考点1Distinguishbeweenprescriptiveanddescriptivestudy

（1）Prescriptive（规定性）:

Thelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay.

（2）Descriptive（描写性）:

Thelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

（3）Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.Itdiffersfromearlierstudiesoflanguagenormallyknownas“grammar”inthatthelatterisbasedon“high”（religious,literary）writtenlanguage.Itaimstosetmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.Ontheotherhand,modernlinguisticsissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveanditstaskistodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,beit“correct”ornot.Modernlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigations.

考点2Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?

Why?

（1）Synchronic（共时性）——thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.

（2）Diachronic（历时性）——thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangethroughtime.Itisahistoricalstudy;

itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

（3）Inmodernlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoveradiachronicone.Becauseitisbelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthistoricalperiodsaresuccessfullystudied,itwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.Synchronicdescriptionsareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence,andmostlinguisticstudiesareofthistype.

考点3Whyspeechispriortowriting?

Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturalortheprimarymediumofhumanlanguage.

a.Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.Evenintoday’sworld,therearestillmanylanguagesthatcanonlybespokenbutnotwritten.

b.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwiringintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

c.Speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.

d.Formodernlinguists,spokenlanguagerevealsmoretruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech.Thustheirdataforinvestigationandanalysisaremostlydrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichtheyregardasauthentic.

考点4：

HowisSaussure'

sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky'

sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?

（1）Langue（语言）vsParole（言语）

ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussure（索绪尔）intheearly20thcentury.

Langueistheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.Itisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby.Itisabstractandisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Itisrelativelystableandsystematic,doesnotchangefrequently.

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Itistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.Itisconcreteanditreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Itvariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

InSaussure'

sopinion,paroleissimplyamassoflinguisticfacts,toovariedandconfusingforsystematicinvestigation,andwhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsoflinguisticstudy.

Saussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.

（2）Competence（语言能力）VSPerformance（语言运用）

ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky（乔姆斯基）inthelate1950s

Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageanditisasetofrulesinternalizedinthebrain.AccordingtoChomsky,aspeakerhasinternalizedasetofrulesabouthislanguage,whichenableshimtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.

Performancereferstotheactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinlinguistic