英语故事AlexanderHamiltonWord文件下载.docx

英语故事AlexanderHamiltonWord文件下载.docx

《英语故事AlexanderHamiltonWord文件下载.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语故事AlexanderHamiltonWord文件下载.docx（4页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

AlexanderHamilton（January11,1755or1757–July12,1804）wasthefirstUnitedStatessecretaryofthetreasury,afoundingfather,economist,andpoliticalphilosopher.Aide-de-camptoGeneralGeorgeWashingtonduringtheAmericanrevolutionarywar,hewasaleaderofnationalistforcescallingforanewconstitution;

hewasoneofAmerica'

sfirstconstitutionallawyers,andwrotemostofthefederalistpapers,aprimarysourceforconstitutionalinterpretation.

HewasthefinancialexpertofWashington'

sadministration;

theFederalistPartyformedtosupporthispolicies.Bornand

raisedintheCaribbean,Hamiltonattendedking'

scollege

（nowColumbiaUniversity）inNewYork.AtthestartoftheAmericanrevolutionarywar,heorganizedanartillerycompanyandwaschosenasitscaptain.Hamiltonbecamethesenioraide-de-campandconfidanttoGeneralGeorgeWashington,theAmericancommander-in-chief.Afterthewar,HamiltonwaselectedtothecontinentalcongressfromNewYork,butheresignedtopracticelawandfoundthebankofNewYork.HeservedintheNewYorklegislature,andhewastheonlyNewYorkerwhosignedtheU.S.constitution.Hewroteabouthalfthefederalistpapers,whichsecureditsratificationbyNewYork;

theyarestillthemostimportantunofficialinterpretationoftheconstitution.Inthenewgovernment

underPresidentWashingtonhebecamesecretaryofthetreasury.AnadmirerofBritishpoliticalsystems,Hamiltonwasanationalistwhoemphasizedstrongcentralgovernmentandsuccessfullyarguedthattheimpliedpowersoftheconstitutioncouldbeusedtofundthenationaldebt,assumestatedebts,andcreatethegovernment-ownedbankoftheUnitedStates.Theseprogramswerefundedprimarilybyanariffonimportsandahighlycontroversialwhiskeytax.

By1792,thecoalitionledbyHamiltonwasopposedbyacoalitionledbyThomasJeffersonandJamesMadison.Hamilton'

sFederalistPartynowhadtocompetewithJefferson'

sDemocratic-RepublicanParty.ThepartiesfoughtoverHamilton'

sfiscalgoalsandnationalbank,aswellashisforeignpolicyofextensivetradeandfriendlyrelationswithBritain,especiallythejaytreatywhichwasratified,byasinglevote,afteralengthystrugglebetweenthetwocoalitions.Embarrassedbyablackmailaffairthatbecamepublic;

Hamiltonresignedasthesecretaryofthetreasuryin1795andreturnedtothepracticeoflawinNewYork.In1798,thequasi-warwithFranceledHamiltontobeawardedtherankofseniorofficeroftheUnitedStatesarmyandtoarguefor,andattempttoraiseandorganize,anarmytofighttheFrench（byinvadingthecoloniesofSpain,thenaFrenchally）.

Hamilton'

soppositiontohisfellowfederalistJohn

Adamshurtthepartyinthe1800elections.WhenThomas

Jefferson

andAaron

burrtied

inthe

Electoral

College,

Hamilton

helpeddefeat

hisbitter

personal

enemyburr

andelect

aspresident.

Withhis

party'

s

defeat,Hamilton'

nationalist

andindustrialization

ideas

losttheir

former

nationalprominence.Hamilton'

sintenserivalrywithburr

resultedinaduel,inwhichHamiltonwasmortallywounded.HamiltonwasalwaysdenouncedbytheJeffersonianandlatertheJacksonians,buthiseconomicideas,especiallysupportforaprotectivetariffandanationalbank,werepromotedbytheWhigpartyandafterthe1850sbythenewlycreatedRepublicanParty,whichhailedhimasthenation'

sgreatest

secretaryofthetreasury.

Earlymilitarycareer

In1775,afterthefirstengagementofAmericantroops

withtheBritishinBoston,HamiltonjoinedaNewYork

volunteermilitiacompanycalledtheheartsofoak,which

includedotherking'

scollegestudents.Hedrilledwiththecompanybeforeclasses,inthegraveyardofnearbySt.Paul'

schapel.Hamiltonstudiedmilitaryhistoryandtacticsonhisownandachievedtherankoflieutenant.UnderfirefromHMSAsia,heledasuccessfulraidforBritishcannoninthebattery,thecaptureofwhichresultedintheheartsofoakbecominganartillerycompanythereafter.ThroughhisconnectionswithinfluentialNewYorkpatriotslikeAlexanderMcDougallandJohnjay,heraisedtheNewYorkprovincialcompanyofartilleryofsixtymenin1776,andwaselectedcaptain.Ittookpartinthecampaignof1776aroundNewYorkCity,particularlyatthebattleofWhitePlains;

atthebattleofTrenton,itwasstationedatthehighpointoftown,themeetingofthepresentwarrenandbroadstreets,tokeepthehessianspinnedintheTrentonbarracks.

Washington'

sstaff

HamiltonwasinvitedtobecomeanaidetoNathanaelGreeneandtoHenryKnox;

however,hedeclinedtheseinvitationsinthehopesofobtainingaplaceonWashington'

sstaff.Hamiltondidreceivesu