完整版英语专八真题改错含答案.docx

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完整版英语专八真题改错含答案

2005TheUniversityasBusiness

Anumberofcollegesanduniversitieshaveannouncedsteep

tuitionincreasesfornextyearmuchsteeperthanthecurrent,

verylow,rateofinflation.Theysaytheincreasesareneededbecause

ofalossinvalueofuniversityendowmentsheavilyinvestingincommon1stock.Iamskeptical.Abusinessfirmchoosesthepricethatmaximizes

itsnetrevenues,irrespectivefluctuationsinincome;andincreasinglythe2outlookofuniversitiesintheUnitedStatesisindistinguishablefromthoseof3businessfirms.Theriseintuitionsmayreflectthefacteconomicuncertainty4increasesthedemandforeducation.Thebiggestcostofbeing

intheschoolisforegoingincomefromajob（thisisprimarilyafactorin5graduateandprofessional-schooltuition;thepoorone'sjobprospects,6themoresenseitmakestoreallocatetimefromthejobmarkettoeducation,

inordertomakeoneselfmoremarketable.

Thewayswhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractivetostudents7includesoftmajors,studentevaluationsofteachers,givingstudents

agovernancerole,andeliminaterequiredcourses.8Sky-hightuitionshavecauseduniversitiestoregardtheirstudentsascustomers.Justasbusinessfirmssometimescolludetoshortenthe9rigorsofcompetition,universitiescolludetominimizethecosttothemoftheathleteswhomtheyrecruitinordertostimulatealumnidonations,sothebestathletesnowoftenbypasshighereducationinordertoobtainsalariesearlier

fromprofessionalteams.Anduntiltheywerestoppedbytheantitrustauthorities,theIvyLeagueschoolscolludedtolimitcompetitionforthebeststudents,byagreeingnottoawardscholarshipsonthebasisofmeritratherthanpurely

ofneed-justlikebusinessfirmsagreeingnottogivediscountsontheirbest10customer.

2006Weuselanguageprimarilyasameansofcommunicationwith

otherhumanbeings.Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhichwe

liveastoreofwordsandmeaningsaswellasagreeingconventionsas1

tothewayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedtoconveyaparticular2

message:

theEnglishspeakerhasinhisdisposalvocabularyanda3

setofgrammaticalruleswhichenableshimtocommunicatehis4

thoughtsandfeelings,inavarietyofstyles,totheotherEnglish5speakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,boththatwhichheusesactively

andthatwhichherecognizes,increasesinsizeashegrows

oldasaresultofeducationandexperience.6

But,whetherthelanguagestoreisrelativelysmallorlarge,thesystem

remainsnomore,thanapsychologicalrealityfortikeinpidual,unless

hehasameansofexpressingitintermsabletobeseenbyanother7

memberofhislinguisticcommunity;hebastogivetilesystema

concretetransmissionform.Wetakeitforgrantedrice‟twomost8

commonformsoftransmission-bymeansofsoundsproducedbyour

vocalorgans（speechorbyvisualsigns（writing.Andtheseare9

amongmoststrikingofhumanachievements.10

2007Fromwhathasbeensaid,itmustbeclearthatnoonecan

makeverypositivestatementsabouthowlanguageoriginated.

Thereisnomaterialinanylanguagetodayandintheearliest1___recordsofancientlanguagesshowuslanguageinanewand2_emergingstate.Itisoftensaid,ofcourse,thatthelanguage3_______originatedincriesofanger,fear,painandpleasure,andthe4_necessaryevidenceisentirelylacking:

therearenoremote

tribes,noancientrecords,providingevidenceof

alanguagewithalargeproportionofsuchcries5_

thanwefindinEnglish.Itistruethattheabsence

ofsuchevidencedoesnotdisprovethetheory,butin6_

othergroundstoothetheoryisnotveryattractive.

Peopleofallracesandlanguagesmakerathersimilar

noisesinreturntopainorpleasure.Thefactthat7

suchnoisesaresimilaronthelipsofFrenchmen

andMalaysianswhoselanguagesareutterlydifferent,

servestoemphasizeonthefundamentaldifference8

betweenthesenoisesandlanguageproper.Wemay

saythatthecriesofpainorchortlesofamusement

arelargelyreflexactions,instinctivetolargeextent,9

whereaslanguageproperdoesnotconsistofsigns

butofthesethathavetobelearntandthatare10

whollyconventional.

08

Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnationalidentityisa

verynaturalone,andinresultlanguagehasplayedaprominent____1____

partinnationalmoves.Menhaveoftenfelttheneedtocultivate____2____

agivenlanguagetoshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanother____3____

racewhosehegemonytheyresent.AtthetimetheUnitedStates____4____

splitofffromBritain,forexample,therewereproposalsthat

independenceshouldbelinguisticallyacceptedbytheuseofa____5____

differentlanguagefromthoseofBritain.Therewasevenone____6____

proposalthatAmericansshouldadoptHebrew.Othersfavoured

the