关于文化旅游节庆的影响外文翻译Word格式.docx

关于文化旅游节庆的影响外文翻译Word格式.docx

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原文

TheImpactofFestivalsonCulturalTourism

MaterialSource:

The2ndDeHaanTourismManagementConference“DevelopingCulturalTourism”Author:

RazaqRaj

Introduction

TodayfestivalsareconsideredtocontributesignificantlytotheculturalandeconomicdevelopmentwealthoftheUnitedKingdom.Thefestivalshavemajorimpactonthedevelopmentofculturaltourismtothehostcommunities.Thefestivalorganisersarenowusingthehistoricalandculturalthemestodeveloptheannualeventstoattractvisitorsandcreatingculturalimageinthehostcitiesbyholdingfestivalsinthecommunitysettings.Thedesireforfestivalsandeventsisnotspecificallydesignedtoaddresstheneedsforanyoneparticulargroup.Thehostingofeventsareoftendevelopedbecauseofthetourismandeconomicopportunitiesadditiontosocialandculturalbenefits.Manyresearchershavecontestedthatlocalcommunitiesplaysvitalroleindevelopmentoftourismthroughfestivals.

Eventshavethepotentialtogenerateavastamountoftourismwhentheycatertoout-of-regionvisitors,grants,orsponsorships,（Getz,1997）ofdirectorindirectintent.Thegovernmentnowsupportandpromoteeventsaspartoftheirstrategiesforeconomicdevelopment,nationbuildingandculturaltourism.Theeventsinturnareseenasimportanttoolforattractingvisitorsandbuildingimagewithindifferentcommunities.AccordingtoStiernstrand（1996）,theeconomicimpactoftourismarisesprincipallyfromtheconsumptionoftourismproductsinageographicalarea.AccordingtoMcDonnell,AllenandO’Toole（1999）,tourismrelatedservices,whichincludetravel,accommodation,restaurants,shoppingarethemajorbeneficiariesoftheevent.

Asfaraseventsandtourismisconcerned,therolesandresponsibilitiesofgovernmentsaswellprivatesectorandsocietyingeneralhavesignificantlychangedoverthelastdecade.Thesituationhavebeenchangedwherethestatehadthekeyresponsibilityfortourismdevelopmentandpromotiontoaworldwherethepublicsectorisobligedtoreinventitselfbyrelinquishingofitstraditionalresponsibilitiesandactivitiesinfavourofbothprovincial/stateandlocalauthorities.Thisindicatesthegrowinginfluenceonthebehaviourofgovernmentsandbusinessingeneralofdevelopmentofeventandtourismindustries.Thissuggeststhatfestivalsimpactonthehostpopulationandstakeholdersinanumberofways.Thesefactorsareprimarilyconcernedwithsocialandcultural,physicalandenvironmental,politicalandeconomicimpacts,andcanbebothpositiveandnegative.

Thispaperinitiallyreviewsliteraturerelatedtotheculturaltourismandtheroleoffestivalsinthecreationofopportunitiesforcommunityorientatedeventsandfestivalswhichcontrastwithtouristorientatedeventswhichhavetenuouslinkswithlocalcommunities.Moreover,paperwillarguethatcommunitybasedeventsandfestivalsprovideanopportunityforthecelebrationoflocalidentityandcommunityempowermentandcreatetourismforthelocalarea.

Thecasestudieswithinthispaperexplorethedevelopmentofculturaltourismandmulti-culturalfestivalsandeventswiththeUK,andthepositivecontributionthattheseeventsplayinsolidifyingcommunityrelationswithdevelopmentoftheculturaltourism.

CulturalTourism

CulturaltourismisdefinedbyTourismindustryprofessionalsas"

Traveldirectedtowardexperiencingthearts,heritageandspecialcharacterofaplace."

Thecultureisanidentityandtheimportancethatindividualpeopleplaceonlocalandnationalsocialorganisations,suchaslocalgovernments,educationinstitutions,religiouscommunities,workandleisure.Culturaltourismdescribestouristtheoncewhotakepartintheculturalactivitieswhileawayfromtheirhomecities.Culturaltourismisthatformoftourismwhosepurposeistodiscoverheritagesitesandculturalmonumentsontheirtravels.GarrisonKeillor（1995）inanaddresstotheWhiteHouseConferenceonTravel&

Tourism,bestdescribedculturaltourismbysaying,

"

Weneedtothinkaboutculturaltourismbecausereallythereisnootherkindoftourism.It'

swhattourismis...Peopledon'

tcometoAmericaforourairports,peopledon'

tcometoAmericaforourhotels,ortherecreationfacilities....Theycomeforourculture:

highculture,lowculture,middleculture,right,left,realorimagined--theycomeheretoseeAmerica."

http:

//www.nasaa-arts.org/artworks/ct_contents.shtml

Thethemeofculturehasgrownoverthelasttwodecadesbutnotcleardefinitionofculturehasacceptedbythecommunityhaswhole.Thecultureinmoderndayisseenasaproductbythegovernments,largeorganisationsandindividualpeopletodeveloptheirownstandingsinthegivenmarket.Wymanstatesthatcultureplaysimportantpartinthesociety:

...Inaneconomicclimatewherewehearsomu