英语词汇学总结复习资料Word下载.doc

英语词汇学总结复习资料Word下载.doc

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　　1.词的定义Word——Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

　　2.声音与意义的关系Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means’Frau’inGerman，’Femme’inFrenchand’Funv’inChinese.Ontheotherhand，thesamesound/rait/canmeanright，riteandwrite，thoughdenotingdifferentthings，yethavethesamesound.

　　3.读音与拼写不一致的原因Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.

　　（Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns）

　　a）.theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.

　　b）.Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspelling

　　c）.Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500

　　d）.Borrowingofforeignlanguage

　　4.词汇的含义Vocabulary——Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect，agivenbook，agivendisplineandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.

　　ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.

5.词汇的分类的原则ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency，bynotion，byorigin

theEnglishvocabularyconsistofwordsofallkinds.theycanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurpose.wordsmayfallintothewordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.

基本词汇的特点

　　1）.Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.

　　1.allnationalcharacter（mostimportant）–naturalphenomena

　　mostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthehumanbodyandrelations

　　worldaroundusnamesofplantsandanimals　action，size，domain，state　　numerals，pronouns，prep.，conj.

　　2.stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife，theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative，someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.

　　e.g.arrow，bow，chariot，knight–past　　electricity，machine，car，plane——now

　　3.productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords，theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.

　　e.g.foot–football，footage，footpath，footer

　　4.polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.

　　e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanother　　toremove

5.collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions，idiomaticusages，proverbialsayingandothers

基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性

Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.thoughwordsofthebasicwordstockconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEnglishvocabulary,yetitisthemostimportantpartofit.

　　e.g.heart–achangeofheart，aheartofgold

　　Non-basicvocabulary——（例子）

　　1.terminology–technicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine

　　photoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus

　　2.jargon–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.

　　Bottomline，ballparkfigures，bargainingchips，holdhimback，holdhimin，paranoid

　　3.slang——substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasions

　　doughandbread，grassandpot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，

　　Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.

　　4.argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroups

　　can-opener，dip，persuader　　cant，jargon，argotareassociatedwith，ormostavailableto，specificgroupsofthepopulation.

　　5.dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialect

　　beauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog

　　6.archaisms–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems，legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.

　　7.neologism–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mail

　　oldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse，monitor

2）.Contentword（notionalword）–denoteclearnotions.

　　Functionalword（emptyword，formword）–donothavenotionsoftheirown，expresstherelationbetweennotions，wordsandsentences.

　　a.ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.

　　Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.

　　b.Contentwordsaregrowing.

　　Functionalwordsremainstable.

　　c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.

　　3）.Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.Ango-SaxonWords，50，000-60，000

　　Whatistru