英语词汇学复习资料Word格式.doc

英语词汇学复习资料Word格式.doc

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2）Synchronicapproach:

共时语言学

Chapter1Lexicologyandbasicconceptsofwordsandvocabulary

1.Word——Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitrary（任意的）andconventional（约定的,俗称的）.

3.sound＆form

Thesoundshouldbesimilarto/consistentwiththeform,buttherearesomeillogical不合逻辑的andirregularity不规则的

1）influencedbyRomans

2）Pronunciationchanged

3）earlyscribes（抄写员）

4）borrowing

4.Vocabulary——Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.

5.ClassificationofWords

basicfull/content实义词native/Anglo-Saxonwords

frequencynotionorigin

nonbasic/vocabularyfunctional/empty功能词borrowed/loan

（1）Thecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthe

Allnationalcharactercommoncareofthelanguage.

Stability（稳定性）

Productivity（多产性）

Polysemy（一词多义）

Collocability（可搭配性）neutralinstyle（中立性）

（2）Twofeatureofnativewords

frequentinuse

据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?

50,000to60,000他们的来源是（Anglo_Saxontongue）

（3）什么叫borrowedwords?

1）wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.

2）ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary

3）TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.

Chapter2ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary

1.OldEnglish属于Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily（印欧语系）——Germanic（日耳曼语系），与德语最相似.

2.History　

1）OldEnglish（450-1150）

a.Thefirstpeopleknowntoinhabit（居住）EnglandwereCelts，thelanguagewasCeltic（凯尔特语）.

b.ThesecondlanguagewastheLatin（拉丁语）oftheRomanLegions（罗马军队）.

Romaninvasion→Anglo-Saxon

三个事件TheintroductionofChristianity→拉丁文的涌入

Vikinginvasion（北欧海盗）andScandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语传入

2）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）　　

TheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish——上层人物

13世纪末Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.

在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？

French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiod

easel,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？

MiddleEnglish,Dutch（带来了2500个词汇）

3）ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow）

TheRenaissance（文艺复兴）:

LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage（文化遗产）.

TheIndustrialRevolution（工业革命）:

17世纪中期Withthegrowthofcolonization（殖民化）,Britishtentacles（魔爪）beganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thusenablingEnglishtoabsorb（吸收）wordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.

十六世纪，有一种新工业Printing出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响,这导致soundandform出现concord（一致）和standardization

第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：

Maojackets,blackbelt,kongfu标准化

Inflectionallanguage屈折语Analyticallanguage分析语　　

Threemainsources（来源）newwords

Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

Social,economicandpoliticalchanges

　Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages

Threemodesofvocabularydevelopment

　Creation–theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.

　Semanticchange-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.

　Borrowing–totakeinwordsfromotherlanguages.（particularlyinearliertime）

Chapter3ThestructureofEnglishwords

1.Morpheme——Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.（Thesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords.）

Free→canstandaloneasaword/independentofothermorphemes

Typeprefixation前缀

Lexical→derivational→affixation

　　Bound→addedtoothermorphemessuffixation后缀

Grammatical→inflectional

2.Morph——Amorphememustberealizedbydiscrete（离散的）units.Theseactualspokenminimalcarriersofmeaningaremorphs.

Monomorphenicwords——morphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphs.

Allomorph（词素变体）——Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirposition.

3.Root——Arootisthebasicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.

（Whatremainsofawordaftertheremov