美国文学-浪漫主义时期PPT资料.ppt

美国文学-浪漫主义时期PPT资料.ppt

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RomanticPeriod（1820-1865）:

@#@AmericanLiteratureComesofAgeOverviewFromtheendof18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar,arisingAmericawasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.Historically,itwasthetimeofwestwardexpansion.ThewesternboundaryhadreachedtothePacificby1860.Economically,thewholenationwasexperiencinganindustrialtransformation,whichaffectedtheruralaswellastheurbanlife.Politically,democracyandequalitybecametheidealofthenewnation,andthetwo-partysystemcameintobeing.Culturallyandliterally,thenationfeltanurgetohaveitsownliteraryexpression,tomakeknownitsnewexperiencethatothernationsdidnothave:

@#@theearlyPuritansettlement,theconfrontationwiththeIndians,thefrontiersmenslife,andthewildWest.RomanticisminAmericacoincidedwiththeperiodofnationalexpansionandthediscoveryofadistinctiveAmericanvoice.ThesolidificationofanationalidentityandthesurgingidealismandpassionofRomanticismnurturedthemasterpiecesoftheAmericanRenaissance.RomanticismTheRomanticMovement,whichoriginatedinGermanybutquicklyspreadtoEngland,France,andbeyond,reachedAmericaaroundtheyear1820,some20yearsafterWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridgehadrevolutionizedEnglishpoetrybypublishingLyricalBallads.Romanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature,emphasizedindividualismandaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself.Theycherishedstronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedievalandwereattractedbythewild,theirregular,theindefinite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrange.Themovementappealedtothoselongingtobreakfreeofthestrictreligioustraditionsofearlysettlement.ItappealedtothoseinoppositionofCalvinism,whichinvolvedthebeliefthattheuniverseandalltheeventswithinitaresubjecttothepowerofGod.TheRomanticMovementgaverisetoNewEnglandTranscendentalismwhichportrayedalessrestrictiverelationshipbetweenGodandUniverse.ThenewreligionpresentedtheindividualwithamorepersonalrelationshipwithGod.Asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystemized.Romanticliteraturewaspersonal,intense,andportrayedmoreemotionthaneverseeninneoclassicalliterature.AmericaspreoccupationwithfreedombecameagreatsourceofmotivationforRomanticwritersasmanyweredelightedinfreeexpressionandemotionwithoutsomuchfearofridiculeandcontroversy.Theyalsoputmoreeffortintothepsychologicaldevelopmentoftheircharacters.WaltWhitman,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,EdgarAllanPoe,EmilyDickinson,andtheTranscendentalistsrepresentthefirstgreatliterarygenerationproducedintheUnitedStates.EarlyRomanticistsBeforetheRevolutionaryWar,Americanliterature-fromChristopherColumbusstravelaccountstoBenjaminFranklinsautobiography-hadbeenprimarilynonfictionalnarratives,sermons,essays,diaries,andimitationsofEnglishverse,mostofitwritteninprivateorsharedinsmallcircles.WiththepoliticalrevolutionagainstEngland,however,cameaculturalrevolution,andAmericansslowlybegantobuildanindependentculturalidentity,whichincludedastrongliterarycomponent.Forthefirsttime,Americahadasignificantnumberofmenandwomenofletters-thatis,writerswhocreatedworksappreciatedfortheiraestheticvalueandwhomadeacareeroratleastaseriousavocationofliterature.ThefirstofthesewriterswasWashingtonIrving,whoseSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,firstpublishedin1819,wasasensationinEnglandandhelpedbuildtheUnitedStatesreputationforcreativeliterature.SomeotherrepresentativemanofletterswereJamesFenimoreCooperinfiction,WilliamCullenBryant,andHenryWadsworthLongfellowinpoetry.WashingtonIrving（1783-1859）WashingtonIrving（1783-1859）WashingtonIrvingwasanAmericanauthor,essayist,biographerandhistorianoftheearly19thcentury.HewasbestknownforhisshortstoriesTheLegendofSleepyHollowandRipVanWinkle,bothofwhichappearinhisbookTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent（1819-1820）.WashingtonIrvinghasbeencalledthefatheroftheAmericanshortstorybecauseofhisuniquecontributionstotheform.HeestablishedanartisticstandardandmodelforsubsequentgenerationsofAmericanshortstorywriters.InTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.（1819-20）,hewoveelementsofmythandfolkloreintonarratives,suchasRipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow,thatachievedalmostimmediateclassicstatus.AlthoughIrvingwasalsorenownedinhislifetimeforhisextensiveworkinhistoryandbiography,itwasthroughhisshortstoriesthathemoststronglyinfluencedAmericanwritinginsubsequentgenerationsandintroducedanumberofnow-familiarimagesandarchetypesintothebodyofthenationalliterature.Atransitionalfigure,IrvingsomewhatironicallycontributedtoAmericasliteraryindependencewhileproducingworkthatwasdistinctivelyEuropeanincontentandstyle.HismasterfuluseofstylizedproseanduseofEuropeanlegendalldemonstratethestronginfluenceoftheOldWorldonhiswork.Thisattentiontothepast,asIrvingscholarWilliamP.Kellyhasnoted,wasonereasonforIrvingssuccesswithhisAmericanaudience.KellypointsoutthatAmericans,recentlyseveredfromtheirEuropeanheritage,werestrugglingwithanidentitycrisisatthetimetheywerereadingIrvingswork,whichitselflooksbothforwardandbackward.Man