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PassageOne
Questions1-7arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Accordingtoarecenttheory,Archean-agegold-quartzveinsystemswereformedovertwobillionyearsagofrommagmaticfluidsthatoriginatedfrommoltengranitelikebodiesdeepbeneaththesurfaceoftheEarth.Thistheoryiscontrarytothewidelyheldviewthatthesystemsweredepositedfrommetamorphicfluids,thatis,fromfluidsthatformedduringthedehydrationofwetsedimentaryrocks.Therecentlydevelopedtheoryhasconsiderablepracticalimportance.MostofthegolddepositsdiscoveredduringtheoriginalgoldrusheswereexposedattheEarth’ssurfaceandwerefoundbecausetheyhadshedtrailsofalluvialgoldthatwereeasilytracedbysimpleprospectingmethods.Althoughthesesamemethodsstillleastoanoccasionaldiscovery,mostdepositsnotyetdiscoveredhavegoneundetectedbecausetheyareburiedandhavenosurfaceexpression.
Thechallengeinexplorationisthereforetounravelthesubsurfacegeologyofanareaandpinpointthepositionofburiedminerals.Methodswidelyusedtodayincludeanalysisofaerialimagesthatyieldabroadgeologicaloverview,geophysicaltechniquesthatprovidedataonthemagnetic,electrical,andmineralogicalpropertiesoftherocksbeinginvestigated,andsensitivechemicalteststhatareabletodetect:
thesubtlechemicalhalosthatoftenenvelopmineralization.However,noneofthesehigh-technologymethodsareofanyvalueifthesitestowhichtheyareappliedhavenevermineralized,andtomaximizethechancesofdiscoverytheexplorermustthereforepayparticularattentiontoselectingthegroundformationsmostlikelytobemineralized.Suchgroundselectionreliestovaryingdegreesonconceptualmodels,whichtakeintoaccounttheoreticalstudiesofrelevantfactors.
Thesemodelsareconstructedprimarilyfromempiricalobservationsofknownmineraldepositsandfromtheoriesofore-formingprocesses.Theexplorerusesthemodelstoidentifythosegeologicalfeaturesthatarecriticaltotheformationofthemineralizationbeingmodeled,andthentriestoselectareasforexplorationthatexhibitasmanyofthecriticalfeaturesaspossible.
1.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith.
A.advocatingareturntoanoldermethodology.
B.explainingtheimportanceofarecenttheory.
C.enumeratingdifferencesbetweentwowidelyusedmethods
D.describingeventsleadingtoadiscovery
2.Accordingtopassage,thewidelyheldviewofArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemsisthatsuchsystems
Awereformedfrommetamorphicfluids.
Boriginatedinmoltengranitelikebodies
Cwereformedfromalluvialdeposits
Dgenerallyhavesurfaceexpression
3.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingstepswouldbethefirstperformedbyexplorerswhowishtomaximizetheirchancesofdiscoveringgold?
ASurveyingseveralsitesknowntohavebeenformedmorethantwobillionyearsago.
BLimitingexplorationtositesknowntohavebeenformedformmetamorphicfluid.
CUsinganappropriateconceptualmodeltoselectasiteforfurtherexploration.
DUsinggeophysicalmethodstoanalyzerocksoverabroadarea.
4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdiscoveriesofgolddepositsissupportedbyinformationinthepassage?
AThenumberofgolddiscovermadeannuallyhasincreasedbetweenthetimeoftheoriginalgoldrushesandthepresent
BNewdiscoveriesofgolddepositsarelikelytobetheresultofexplorationtechniquesdesignedtolocateburiedmineralization
CItisunlikelythatnewlydiscoveredgolddepositswilleveryieldasmuchasdidthosedepositsdiscoveredduringtheoriginalgoldrushes.
DModernexplorersaredividedonthequestionoftheutilityofsimpleprospectingmethodsasasourceofnewdiscoveriesofgolddeposits.
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingiseasiesttodetect?
AAgold-quartzveinsystemoriginatinginmagmaticfluids.
BAgold-quartzveinsystemoriginatinginmetamorphicfluids.
CAgolddepositthatismixedwithgranite.
DAgolddepositthathasshedalluvialgold.
6.ThetheorymentionedinlineIrelatestotheconceptualmodelsdiscussedinthepassageinwhichofthefollowingways?
AItmayfurnishavalidaccountofore-formingprocesses,andhence,cansupportconceptualmodelsthathavegreatpracticalsignificance.
BItsuggeststhatcertaingeologicalformations,longbelievedtobemineralized,areinfactmineralizedthusconfirmingcurrentconceptualmodels.
C.ItsuggeststhattheremaynotbeenoughsimilarityacrossArchean-agegold-quartzveinsystemstowarranttheformulationofconceptualmodels.
DItcorrectsexistingtheoriesaboutthechemicalhalosofgolddeposits,andthusprovidesabasisforcorrectingc