英语词汇学(全套课件1-10章)PPT课件下载推荐.pptx
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abranchofLinguisticswhichstudiestheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Tobespecific,theyincludeaspectsliketheformalandsemanticstructure,semanticrelationships,wordformationandusage,thehistoricaldevelopmentandevolutionofwords,etc.Ithassomethingtodowiththefollowingsubjects:
形态学、语体学、词典学、词源学、特定文化背景等。
AimsandSignificanceoftheCourse:
Toknowthegeneralrulesofwordformationwhichhelpsusenlargeourvocabulary.Tofostertheabilitytouse“therightword”.Asasayinggoes,“Rightwordsinrightplacesmakesagoodwriting”.Tohaveabetterawarenessoflanguage(English).Togetadeeperunderstandingofthecultureofforeigncountries.Tosumup,EnglishLexicologyisatheoretically-orientedcourseaswellasasapracticalone.Whatisaword?
Pleasethinkbyyourselvesandgivethedefinitionofyourown.Theminimalfreeformofalanguage,whichhasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.WhatDoesVocabularyReferTo?
Thetotalnumberofwordsinalanguage.InEnglish,therearemorethanwords.A.100,00B.100,000C.onemillionD.onebillionIncluding:
Nativevs.AlienClassificationofEnglishwordsBasicWordStock:
A.AllnationalcharacterWordsthatarecommonlyused.B.Stability(relativelyspeaking)Havebeeninuseforcenturies.Somedisappearedbutmanymorearecreated.C.Productivity(canformnewwords)D.Polysemy(variousmeanings,“book”;
“man”:
tomanadove)E.Collocability(formidioms,proverbs)Non-basicWords:
Terminology,jargon,slang,dialectalwords,etc.ContentWordsandFunctionalwordsNativewordsandBorrowedwordsThelattercanbedividedinto4types.Whatarethey?
(Homeworkforyourself-study)1)OldEnglishvocabulary(4501150AD)AfterRomans,3GermanictribescalledAngles,SaxonsandJutescontrolledEngland.TheirlanguageAnglo-Saxonalsodominatedtheland.Commonpractice:
combine2nativewordstocreatenewwords.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguagewithabout50000-60000words.Inthe9thcentury,someNorwegiansandDanishinvadedEngland,whichbroughtsomeScandinavianwordssuchas:
skirt,window,skill,birth,egg”,etc.2)MiddleEnglish(11501500)TheNormansinvadedEnglandfromFrancein1066andmanyFrenchwordsflowedintoEnglish.(state,judge,power,prince,court,crime,peace,battle,etc.)3)ModernEnglish(1500-now)2sub-periodscanbedivided:
a.EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1700)BecauseoftheRenaissance,manyLatinandGreekwordsenteredEnglishandEnglishbegantohaveaLatinateflavor.b.LateModernEnglishAfterexperiencingtheIndustrialRevolutionandBourgeoisrevolution,Englandbaegcraemateeconomicpowerandbegantoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesintheworld.AfterWorldWarII,morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.GeneralCharacteristicsofModernEnglish1.Receptivity2.SimplicityofInflection(esp.endings)3.relativelyfixedword-orderAdvantahesanddisadvantagesco-existintermsoflearningEnglish.GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabulary3mainsourcesofmodernEnglishvocabulary:
1.Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology(moonwalk,smartbomb)2.Social,economicandpoliticalchanges(talkshow,thefourthworld,openuniversity,chairperson)3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages(kungfu)ModesofVocabularyDevelopment1.Creation创新词mostimportantfruice,sportcast2.Semanticchange(旧词新义)economicwayofcreatingnewwordsweb,break,mouse3.Borrowing4.Revivingarchaicorobsoletewords,butinsignificantespeciallytoAmericanE(ngugleisshs,.sick,fall)Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsMorphemes(词素)Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.Structurally,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits.MorphemesLetstakeinternationalizationasanexample,whichcanbebrokendownintointer-,nation,-al,-ize,-ation,eachhavingameaningofitsown.Andthesesegmentscannotbefurtherdivided;
otherwise,theycouldnotmakeanysense.MorphemesUndesirability-un+-desire+-able+-ityImprovement-im+-prove+-mentUnfaithful-?
DefinitionofthemorphemeThemorphemeis“thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords”.(Crystal,1985)Morph语素形式,语子Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesare“morphs”.(p.44)Cats,bags,matches:
/s/,/z/,/iz/3morphs动词be的变化Allomorph:
词素变体Anallomorphisoneoftwoormorecomplementarymorphswhichmanifestamorphemeinitsdifferentphonologicalormorphologicalenvironments.cats,beds,horses,(-s,-z,-iz)feet,men;
deer,fish动词过去时态变化ed,-ied;
不规则变化词缀的变化如im-如:
/p,b,m/前的否定前缀:
(否则多为in-)Typesofmorphemes1.freemorpheme(thosethataremeaningfulandcanbeusedfreelyandindependentlysuchasearth,wind,boy,bite,etc.)2.boundmorpheme(粘着词素)Mainlyinderivativewordsrecollection:
Howmanyboundmorphemes?
AffixesFormsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunctionAlmostallaffixesarebound