浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料讲解学习Word文件下载.docx

浙江工商大学跨文化交际期末复习资料讲解学习Word文件下载.docx

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定义

1、Interculturalcommunicationp6

2、TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandwesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother-inotherwords,"

interculturalcommunication."

InterculturalcommunicationcanhelpInterpretwhatforeignersmean.

3、Culturep13

AwhitefarmerinIllinois,ablackbankerinNewYorkandaLatinoWalmartworkerinMiamilookdifferentontheoutside,buttheideasandinformationintheirheadswillhavemuchincommon.Youcouldsaytheyarethreedifferentbandsofcomputersthatlookdifferentontheoutside,buthavealotofthesamesoftwareanddata.Itisthesesharedideasthatmakeagroupofpeopleintoaculture.Acultureisessentiallyagroupofpeoplewhocarrymanyofthesameideasintheirheads.

4、Stereotypesp15

5、Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.Stereotypesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadandshallow.Theygiveusthemistakenideathataculturecanbesummedupeasilyinafewshort,simplestatements.Stereotypesarealsodangerousbecausetheymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingasunderstandinganotherculture.

6、Interpretationp24对外国人进行揣摩

Averyimportantaspectofinterculturalcommunicationis“interpretation”,theprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.Interpretationisapartofallcommunication-eventhemostsimpleconversations.Thewordsonlyconveypartofthemeaningofthemessage,soyouneedtouseotherevidencetohelpyouinterpretwhathemeansanddecidehowtorespond.Thewayyouinterpretwordsandactionsofindividualforeignerswillshapehowyouevaluatethosepeople.

5、Individualistp32

Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;

areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;

giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;

andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.

6、Collectivistp32

Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups（families,workunits,tribes,nations）,andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina'

s,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;

areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;

arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;

andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.

7、Hierarchyp50

Hierarchyisdifferencesinrankandpower.Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.Ontheotherhand,however,mostmodernsocietiesalsobelievethatequalityisavirtue,atleasttosomeextent.Soeachcultureneedstofinditsownbalancebetweenhierarchyandequality.Westernculturestrytode-emphasizedifferencesinrankandpowerbycreatingasmuchappearanceofequalityaspossibleandemphasizeegalitarian（平等主义）morethanothers.

8、Cultureshock/fatigue文化冲击P58

Theconstanteffortanduncertaintyofdealingwithaforeignlanguageandculturecanleadtoaconditioncalled“cultureshock/fatigue”.Itisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.

9、Highcontext背景重要的文化（中日）

Incollectivistcultures,peopletendtocommunicateinawaythatismoreindirectandsubtle,andlistenersareexpectedtotakemoreresponsibilityforinterpretingmessagescorrectly.Thiscommunicationstyleiscalled“highcontext”becausepeopleareexpectedtopaymuchattentiontothecontextinwhichcommunicationtakesplace-whothespeakeris,whereandwhytheconve