英语选修课语法简要讲解文档格式.docx
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关系代词的用法分类有三点依据:
①根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性;
②根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物;
③根据它在从句中所充当的成分——主语、宾语、表语或定语。
2.易混关系代词辨析
(1)关系代词that和which
先行词是物时,关系代词that,which一般可以通用,但也有区别。
1)只能用that的情况
①先行词为指物的不定代词(all,nothing,theone,much等)或被不定代词修饰时,如:
Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree.
Tellusallthatyouknow.
②先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时,如:
ThatisthefirstcompositionthatI'
vewritteninEnglish.
③先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时,如:
Thisisthebestwaythathasbeenusedagainstpollution.
④当人和物同为先行词时,如:
Everyonewantstoseethespaceshipandthespacemanthatmadetheflightaroundtheearth.
⑤关系代词在从句中作表语时,如:
Heisnolongertheman(that)heusedtobe.
⑥先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时,如:
Thatistheverypen(that)Iamlookingfor.
⑦当先行词是which时,如:
Whichofthetwocowsthatyoukeepproducesmoremilk?
⑧先行词为theway/thetime/themoment/thefirsttime/thelasttime等名词时,如:
Idon'
tliketheway(that)hetalks.
Thisisthethirdtime(that)hehasbeenlatethisweek.
注意:
此时that为关系副词,若先行词没有被thefirst/thelast修饰时,用that和when均可,如:
Thetime(that)/(when)Isawyouwas8:
00.
(2)关系代词as和which
as既可指人又可指物,主要用于as…;
as…as;
thesame…as…;
such…as…等结构中,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
引导的从句可位于句中、句首、句末。
如:
Asisreportedinthenewspaper,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.
Marywaslateforschool,asisoftenthecase.
as引导非限制性定语从句,修饰整个句子,而which不仅可修饰整个句子还可以修饰单个名词。
Themeeting,whichwasheldinthepark,wasasuccess.
Themeetingwasasuccess,aswasexpected.
(3)who和that
先行词是人时,关系代词可用who(m),that引导定语从句,但下列情况一般用who,而不用that。
①先行词是one,ones,anyone或anybody,those时,如:
Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.
②一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个的关系词是that时,如:
ThestudentthatwonthefirstprizeisthemonitorwhospeaksEnglishbestinourclass.
③在therebe句型中和非限制性句型中,如:
Thereisapersonwhowantstoseeyou.
Imetanoldclassmateyesterday,whoisnowamanagerofabigcompany.
(4)who,whom和whose
who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。
作宾语时who和whom一般可通用,但直接放在介词之后时,一般只用whom,不可用who。
Takeyourproblemtothepersonwhoyouthinkcanhelpyou.
Sheisthegirl(who/whom)IwillgotoShanghaiwith.=SheisthegirlwithwhomIwillgotoShanghai.
whose既可指人,也可指物,在从句中作定语。
GeorgeOrwell,whoserealnamewasEricArthur,wrotemanypoliticalnovels.
Thelibrarianrefusedtoacceptthebook,whosecoverwasgonewhenitwasreturned.
3.关系词的省略
①作宾语的关系代词可以省略,但前面不能有介词。
Thisistheman(who/whom/that)wehavetalkedabout.
②口语中,关系副词可以省略(尤其是先行词为time,way,reason等时)。
Thisisthereason(why)Ididit.
tknowthetime(that)hearrived.
4.限制性和非限制性定语从句
①限制性定语从句起修饰限制的作用,是主句不可缺少的一部分,与先行词无逗号隔开,翻泽成中文常译成前置定语。
Thosewhowanttogo,signtheirnamesonthepaper.
那些想去的人把他们的名字签在纸上。
5.定语从句中的主谓一致
①关系词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
I,whoamyourfriend,willleaveforBeijingtomorrow.
which和as指代一个句子时,从句谓语动词用单数。
Maryisoftenlateforclass,whichmakesourteacherveryunhappy.
6.“介词/介词短语+which/whom”中介词的选择
关系代词前面的介词使用是根据与名词前面的动词搭配关系和介词的搭配关系及句子结构上的需要而定的。
We'
llneverforgetthedayonwhichwewentcamping.(ontheday)
ThewomantowhomwespokeisfromtheUSA.(speaktosb.)
Hisglasses,withoutwhichhewas(=whowasnot)likeablindman,felltothegroundandbroke.(由句意决定)
考点二:
关系副词的用法
1.当先行词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。
其中when=表示时间的介词(如:
in,at,during等)+which;
where=表示地点的介词(如:
in,at,on,under等)+which;
why=for+which。
IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(when=onwhich)
Canyoutellmetheofficewhereheworks?
(where=inwhich)
Doyouknowthereasonwhyheisabsent?
(why=forwhich)
2.高考对关系副词where的考查
高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂,从先行词由“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。
事实上,对于where这个词,考生不能只理解为表示地点。
当先行词表示某人/物的处境,或某事所发展的阶段,或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。
Theaccidenthadreachedtoapointwhereboththeirparentsaretobecalledin.
事情发展到如此程度,不得不请双方家长来一趟了。
试比较下面的句子:
①Doyoustillrememberthedaysthat/whichwespentinQingdao?
你还记得我们一起在青岛度过的日子吗?
②DoyoustillrememberthedayswhenwespentthesummerholidaysinQingdao?
你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗?
在句①中,定语从句中缺宾语,因此须用关系代词that/which来引导从句,而在句②中,定语从句中不缺主语,也不缺宾语,因此须用关系副词when来引导从句。
2.定语从句与其他句式的比较
Itissuchaheavyboxthathecan'
tliftit.(状语从句)
Itissuchaheavyboxashecan'
tlift.(定语从句)
Isthisfactorytheoneinwhich/wherewelivedthreeyearsago?
(定语从句)
Isthisfactorywherewelivedthreeyearsago?
(表语从句)
Asisknowntotheworld,MarkTwainisagreatAmericanwriter.(定语从句)
ItisknowntotheworldthatMarkTwainisagreatAmericanwriter.(主语从句)
ThatMarkTwainisagreatAmericanwriterisknowntotheworld.(主语从句)
Wedon'
tunderstandtheproblemwhythisisthebestchoice.(同位语从句)
Thereasonthathegavewasnotright.(定语从句)
Shedidallshecouldtohelphim.(定语从句)
Sheisnotthegirlsheusedtobe.(定语从句)
Shedidwhatshecouldtohelphim.(宾语从句)
Sheisnotwhatsheusedtobe.(表语从句)
由以上例句可以看出,分清定语从句与其他复合句的关键是要掌握先行词及其后的关系词,要看其是否在从句中