室内人机工程学Indoor ergonomicsWord文档格式.docx
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(2)可防止座椅滑动和翻到.椅脚应设计5个,平分在直径为40°
45cm的圆周上.(3)给人留有足够的活动空间.需要经常站起的座椅应采用小脚轮.(4)应保证腿的活动空间,以减轻腿的疲劳.(5)坐面应为40—45cm宽,38~42cm长,坐面中部稍微下凹,前缘呈弧曲面,坐面后倾4°
~6°
.(6)坐面的材料应透气而且不打滑(例如毛料);
以增加坐面的舒服感.多用途椅子:
Grandjean等要求50名男,女被试对象进行试验的12种不同设计的多用途椅子对身体上的11个部分的舒适进行评价.此外,每个被试者还对每两只椅子进行成对比较,求出其总的舒适评分.其中两只最受人喜欢的椅子,并附有根据全部Dataanalysisanddesignrecommendationsandsuggestionsarealsoincludedinthelayingoffoamrubber2~4cmthickintheseat.Therestandreadingchair:
designfeaturesasrestingandreadingchairandchairofcourseactivitiesareobviouslydifferentby.Grandjeanetal,astudyhadbeenconducted.Inthisstudytheytheuseofa"
sittingmachine"
soastodrawthesubjectsforavarietyofseatdesigncomfortablejudgment.Featuresofthe"
istoregulateanyshapeinfact.Theyarenotallresults,hasbeenfoundtoreadandrest,asshownintable4-3angleandsizecantheloveformanysubjects.Theshapeofachairmustbepointedoutthatthedifferentangleofbackrestandseatisforthebackofthelowerspine(waist)togivespecialsupport.
4.2.2anatomyandphysiologyofsitting
Intheprevioussectionthegeneralprincipleoftheseatdesignismainlybuiltonthebasisofthejudgmentincomfort,buttherealityisinalmosthalfofthepopulationintheindustrializedworldwesuffersomewaybackpain.Everyyearforsickleavepaymedicalexpensesandspendalotofmoneyforthepast20years.Theoffice,factoryandotheraspectsofthechairtodoalotofwork,thetypistchairseemstobethemodelofthiskindofchair.Itscharacteristicistoadjustitsheightandthebackrest,andthelightcanmovetheseattiltedbackwardslopeofabout5degrees,thetypingandprovidesasuitablerestingposition.However,mostoftheworkistheformationofbentposition(Figure4-19),suchasreading,writing,drawing,assemblyanddofitter,andeyesshouldbeabout30cmawayfromtheobject,thebackwardtiltofthechairBendforwardisverydifficult.Thisproblemverylittleattention.Strangetosayinthepastseveraldecadesintheschoolstressedintheso-calledverticalposture,namelythehip,kneeandankletokeeptherightangle,whichisconsideredtobethecorrectposture.Allthebodymeasurementsandthesizeofallthefurniturearoundthisparticulardevelopmentpostureout.ISOisapupiltosituprightposturetoshowforthenewdraftbythesizeofthefurnitureeducation,
Butnoneofthenormalpupilscanusethispositiontositonthe1to2minutesormore,andwhentheirLosislevel,itisdifficultforthemtodoanywork.Whenthechildrentoread,writeordothearithmetic,theyturnbackuponthetable,inordertomaketheireyeskeepagooddistanceof20~30cmandthebook,insteadofsittingat50~60cra.childrensittingpostureisvarious,thereisno"
straight"
thisone.Butwecanfindthatwhenthechildrenfellinthetable,oftenwillsupporthischairinthefrontfigure4-23.andtiltedforward,wealsocanhavethisexperience,whenthejobistired,occasionallytiltchair(branchonthefront)canbecomfortable,wecangetsomeinspirationfromthe1.lumbarcurve.Inordertounderstandthesittingposture.Intheproblem,wemuststudythechangewhenapersonfromastandingpositionforsittingposture,anatomicalchangesoccurredon.Whenapersonfromastandingposturechangesittinguprightposture,asshowninFigure4-20,mostpeopleimaginerotating90degreesforhipjoint,butthetheactionismorecomplex,becauseofthebendingprocess
只有60°
是来自于臀部关节的,而另外的30°
是来自于腰椎曲线的变平.我们从图4—20中可以清楚地看到,当坐在一只普通的椅子上时,他的躯干和大腿成直角,腰椎曲线显著地变平了.这种腰部和臀部关节的改变可以从图4—2l中看得很清楚.图4—21(b)为我们侧睡时所采取的放松的姿势.臀部关节弯曲了45°
(如果笔直的姿势是180°
的话,则为135°
).这是臀部关节休息的姿势,此时大腿前部和背部的肌肉都是处于放松平衡的状态.这时背部有一个向后凸出的曲线.如果大腿的臀部关节向上弯曲时(如图4—21(d)和(e)所示),大腿背面的肌肉(旁腱和臀肌)张紧了.这些肌附着在臀Onthebackandsciatic,wherebythepelvisaroundalongitudinalaxisofarotating.Sothelumbarcurveischangedtofigure4-2L(d)slightlyconcaveshapetofigure4-21(E)issignificantlymoreconcave,thefrontofthethighmusclesifveryrelaxed.LegatthehipjointsbendbackinFigure4-21(b),infrontofthethighmusclestensioncausedbylumbarcurve.Standstraightaftertheconcavityofpelvicrotationincreasedtherootoflumbarcurve.4-21(Fig.)equivalenttothestandingposture,andwhentositrightthepostureofFigure4-2L(d),thefirstbendinghipjointsof60degrees,thenthelumbarcurvebecomesflat30degrees.Schoberthhadonchildren'
sworkposturemadecarefulinvestigation,ingeneralrelaxedsittingposture,hefoundnoonein1035chil