微观经济学中英文术语及其解释Word格式.docx
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Equitythepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety
Opportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem
Marginalchangessmallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction
Marketeconomyaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices
Marketfailureas/tuitioninwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently
Externalitytheimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander
Marketpowertheabilityofasingleeconomicactor(orsmallgroupofactors)tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices
Productivitythequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime
Inflationanincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy
Philipscurveacurvethatshowstheshort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment
Businesscyclefluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproduaion
Circular-flowdiagramavisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms
Productionpossibilitiesfrontieragraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology
Positivestatementsclaimsthatattempttododescribetheworldasitis
Normativestatementsclaimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe
Absoluteadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity
Comparativeadvantagethecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost
Importsgoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically
Exportsgoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad
Marketagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice
Competitivemarketamarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligibleimpactonthemarketprice
Quantitydemandedtheamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandableto-purchase
Lawofdemandtheclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises
Demandscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodand-thequantitydemanded
Demandcurveagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded
Normalgoodagoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand
Inferiorgoodagoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleads‘toadecreaseindemand
Substitutestwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother
Complementstwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother
Quantitysuppliedtheamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell
Lawofsupplytheclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises
Supplyscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied
Supplycurveagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied
Equilibriumasituationinwhichthepricehasreachedthelevelwherequantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded
Equilibriumpricethepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded
Equilibriumquantitythequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice
Surplusasituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded
Shortageasituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied
Lawsofsupplyanddemandtheclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalance
Elasticityameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants
Priceelasticityofdemandameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedastheepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice
Incomeelasticityofdemandameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangetnquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome
Cross-priceelasticityofdemandameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondtoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangemquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceof