《听力教程》2第二版第六单元文本Word文档下载推荐.docx

《听力教程》2第二版第六单元文本Word文档下载推荐.docx

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AndIsupposeyouwanttoknowwhatdrinksIlikeandsoon...Well,IguessIdon'

t

muchcareforwhisky...↗

AndIdon'

tcareforrum...↗

tlikelemonadeatall.↘

Andmyfavouritemusicismyown...↗

AndCatStevens,Iguess.↘

Exercise:

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Hehasfinishedhissentence√√√

Hewantstoaddsomething√√√√

Part2ListeningandNote-taking

IdentifyingCriminals

Cancomputershelpthepolicetoidentifycriminals?

Expertsnowthinkcomputerscanmakeiteasierforthepolicetofindpeopletheywanttoquestion.

Atpresent,thesystemmostwidelyusedbytheBritishpoliceiscalledPhotofit.Witnesses

describeasuspectandthenapictureisbuiltuplikeajigsaw,usingfivedifferentsetsoffeatures.

Theseare:

hair,eyes,nose,mouthandchin.Thissystemcanbeveryusefulitlfindingcriminals,butonlyinonecaseoutoftwenty,Quiteoften,almosthalfthetime,infact,Photofitpicturesare

misleading.Therearetworeasonsforthis.Firstly,thepicturemaylooknothingatalllikethesuspect.Secondly,thelikenessmaybesogeneralthatitisnotatallhelpful.Andunfortunately,abadlikenesscanleadtothearrestofaninnocentperson.

Witnesses'

attitudescaninfluencetheirdescriptions.Inarecentexperiment,agroupofpeoplewasshownapictureofamanandtoldthathewasamassmurderer.WhenaskedtoproducePhotofitpicturesofthisman,theymadepicturesthatshowedamurderous-lookingindividual.Butatthesametime,asecondgroupwasshownthesamepictureandtoldthatthesamemanwasalifeboatcaptainwhohadreceivedamedalforbravery.WhenthesecondgroupproducedPhotofitpictures,theseshowedamanwhowashandsomeandwell-groomed.

Thepolicehaveanotherwayofidentifyingcriminals.Policerecordscontaintensofthousandsofphotographsofpeopleconvictedofcrimes.Witnessescanlookthroughtheseinthehopeofrecognisingsuspects;

however,ithasbeendiscoveredthatawitnessbeginstoforgettheculprit'

sfeaturesafterspendingalongtimelookingthroughthesephotographs.

AcomputersystemcalledFRAME（FaceRetrievalandMatchingEquipment）combines

thebestfeaturesofbothmethods.Allthephotographsonrecordareputonthecomputerfile.Whenawitnessdescribesasuspect,thecomputer'

searchesthefileforphotographsthatfitthedescription.Thewitnessisthenpresentedwithasmallnumberofphotographstolookthrough.

Ofcourse,thissystem,asitexistsatpresent,willonlyhelptoidentifypeoplewhosephotographsarealreadyonpolicefiles.Sonow,expertshavetoworkontheproblemofgettingaccuratedescriptionsfromwitnesses.Onethingtheyhavediscoveredisthatwitnessesgivebetterdescriptionswhentheyareencouragedtorecallthesceneofthecrime.Theydonotneedtogothere;

justimaginingthesceneworksjustaswell.

ExerciseA:

1.Computerscanmakeiteasierforthepolicefindpeopletheywanttoquestion.

2.Abadlikenesscanleadtothearrestofaninnocentperson.

3.Awitnessbeginstoforgettheculprit'

sfeaturesafterspendingalongtimelookingthroughthese

photographs.

4.Expertshavetoworkontheproblemofgettingaccuratedescriptionsfromwitnesses.

5.Witnessesgivebetterdescriptionswhentheyareencouragedtorecallthesceneofthecrime.

ExerciseB:

I.ThePhotofitsystem

A.Witnessesdescribeasuspect.

B.Thenapictureisbuiltup,usingfivedifferentsetsoffeatures.

1.Hair.

2.Eyes

3.Nose.

4.Mouth.

5.Chin.

C.Advantage

1.Thissystemcanbeveryusefulinfindingcriminals.

D.Disadvantage

1.Butonlyinonecaseoutoftwentythemethodisaccurate.

2.AlmosthalfthetimePhotofitpicturesaremisleading.

3.Therearetworeasonsformisleading.

i.Firstly,thepicturemaylooknothingatalllikethesuspect

ii.Secondly,thelikenessmaybesogeneralthatitisnotatallhelpful.

E.Witnesses'

attitudescaninfluencetheirdescriptions.

II.Anotherwayofidentifyingcriminals

A.Policerecordstensofthousandsofphotographsofpeopleconvictedofcrimes.

B.Witnesseslookthroughtheseinthehopeofrecognisinvsusnects.

III.FRAME（FaceRetrievalandMatchingEquipment）

A.Acomputersystemcombinesthebestfeaturesofbothmethods.

B.Allthephotographsonrecordareputonthecomputerfile.

C.Thecomputersearchesthefileforphotographsthatfitthedescription.

D.Thewitnessisthenpresentedwithasmallnumberofphotographstolookthrough.

E.Disadvantage

1.Thesystemwillonlyhellotoidentif