外文翻译软件和软件工程Word文档格式.docx

外文翻译软件和软件工程Word文档格式.docx

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Softwareandsoftwareengineering

----thesoftwareappearanceandenumerates

Asthedecadeofthe1980sbegan,afrontpagestoryinbusinessweekmagazinetrumpetedthefollowingheadline:

”software:

thenewdrivingforce.”softwarehadcomeofage—ithadbecomeatopicformanagementconcern.duringthemid-1980s,acoverstoryinforeunelamented“AGrowingGapinSoftware,”andatthecloseofthedecade,businessweekwarnedmanagersabout”theSoftwareTrap—Automateorelse.”Asthe1990sdawned,afeaturestoryinNewsweekasked”CanWeTrustOurSoftware?

”andThewallstreetjournalrelatedamajorsoftwarecompany’stravailswithafrontpagearticleentitled“CreatingNewSoftwareWasanAgonizingTask…”theseheadlines,andmanyotherslikethem,wereaharbingerofanewunderstandingoftheimportanceofcomputersoftware----theopportunitiesthatitoffersandthedangersthatitposes.

Softwarehasnowsurpassedhardwareasthekeytothesuccessofmanycomputer-basedsystems.Whetheracomputerisusedtorunabusiness,controlaproduct,orenableasystem,softwareisthefactorthatdifferentiates.Thecompletenessandtimelinessofinformationprovidedbysoftware（andrelateddatabases）differentiateonecompanyfromitscompetitors.Thedesignand“humanfriendliness”ofasoftwareproductdifferentiateitfromcompetingproductswithanotherwisesimilarfunction.Theintelligenceandfunctionprovidedbyembeddedsoftwareoftendifferentiatetwosimilarindustrialorconsumerproducts.Itissoftwarethatcanmakethedifference.

Duringthefirstthreedecadesofthecomputingera,theprimarychallengewastodevelopcomputerhardwarethatreducedthecostofprocessingandstoringdata.Throughoutthedecadeofthe1980s,advancesinmicroelectronicsresultedinmorecomputingpoweratincreasinglylowercost.Today,theproblemisdifferent.Theprimarychallengeduringthe1990sistoimprovethequality（andreducethecost）ofcomputer-basedsolutions-solutionsthatareimplementedwithsoftware.

Thepowerofa1980s-eramainframecomputerisavailablenowonadesktop.Theawesomeprocessingandstoragecapabilitiesofmodernhardwarerepresentcomputingpotential.Softwareisthemechanismthatenablesustoharnessandtapthispotential.

Thecontextinwhichsoftwarehasbeendevelopediscloselycoupledtoalmostfivedecadesofcomputersystemevolution.Betterhardwareperformance,smallersizeandlowercosthaveprecipitatedmoresophisticatedcomputer-basedsystems.We’removedformvacuumtubeprocessorstomicroelectronicdevicesthatarecapableofprocessing200millionconnectionspersecond.Inpopularbookson“thecomputerrevolution,”Osbornecharacterizeda“newindustrialrevolution,”Toffercalledtheadventofmicroelectronicspartof“thethirdwaveofchange”inhumanhistory,andNaisbittpredictedthatthetransformationfromanindustrialsocietytoan“informationsociety”willhaveaprofoundimpactonourlives.FeigenbaumandMcCorducksuggestedthatinformationandknowledgewillbethefocalpointforpowerinthetwenty-firstcentury,andStollarguedthatthe“electroniccommunity”createdbynetworksandsoftwareisthekeytoknowledgeinterchangethroughouttheworld.Asthe1990sbegan,Tofflerdescribeda“powershift”inwhicholdpowerstructures（governmental,educational,industrial,economic,andmilitary）willdisintegrateascomputersandsoftwareleadtoa“democratizationofknowledge.”

20thcentury60’s—70age

Traditionalsoftwareengineering

1980sintermediatestages

Objectproject

Attheendof1980s

Softwareprocessproject

1990s

Componentproject

Figure1-1depictstheevolutionofsoftwarewithinthecontextof.computer-basedsystemapplicationareas.Duringtheearlyyearsofcomputersystemdevelopment,hardwareunderwentcontinualchangewhilesoftwarewasviewedbymanyasanafterthought.Computerprogrammingwasa"

seat-of-the-pants"

artforwhichfewsystematicmethodsexisted.Softwaredevelopmentwasvirtuallyunmanaged--untilschedulesslippedorcostsbegantoescalate.Duringthisperiod,abatchorientationwasusedformostsystems.NotableexceptionswereinteractivesystemssuchastheearlyAmericanAirlinesreservationsystemandreal-timedefense-oriented

systemssuchasSAGE.Forthemostpart,however,hardwarewasdedicatedtotheunionof,asingleprogramthatinturnwasdedicatedtoaspecificapplication.

Evolutionofsoftware

Duringtheearlyyears,general-purposehardwarebecamecommonplace.Software,ontheotherhand,wascustom-designedforeachapplicationandhadarelativelylimiteddistribution.Productsoftware（i.e.,programsdevelopedtobesoldtooneormorecustomers）wasinitsinfancy.Mostsoftwarewasdevelopedandultimatelyusedbythesamepersonororganization.Youwroteit,yougotitrunning,andifitfailed,you