英美概况美国部分整理.docx
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英美概况美国部分整理
America
ØTheFoundingofColonies殖民地的建立
FirstInhabitants:
AmericanIndians
DiscoveryoftheNewWorld:
1492ChristopherColumbus→thediscovererofAmerica
(Italian)SpanishQueen’ssupport
1501-2AmerigoVespucci→thenewlandwasnameafterhimasAmerica.
reachedthemouthofAmazonRiver
America—theNewWorld
Europe—theOldWorld
13colonies:
NewEnglandColonies:
MidAtlanticColonies:
SouthernColonies:
Massachusetts→(2ndcolony,1620)NewYorkMaryland
NewHampshirePennsylvaniaVirginia→(1stcolony,1607)
RhodeIslandDelawareNorthCarolina
ConnecticutSouthCarolina
Georgia→(thelastcolony,1733)
NewEnglandRegion(6个):
Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,Connecticut,NewHampshire,MaineandVermont
建立原因:
Virginia,1607
VirginiaCompany
ForforeignexpansionasawayofeasingreligiousdisputeandeconomicdistressinEngland
105men(nowomen)
Jamestowninhonoroftheking
MassachusettsIn1620
102Puritans(“PilgrimFathers”),inMayflower,fromPlymouthinEnglandtoAmerica
FirstinPlymouth(today’sMassachusetts);andthenBoston
Seekreligiousfreedom
MayflowerCompact<五月花号公约>:
self-government
Hardshipswhenarrived
thehelpoftheIndians
ThanksgivingDaytothanktheIndiansandtheGodforprotection
Thenextthreecolonies
RhodeIsland,Connecticut,NewHampshire
Reasons:
1.religiousdisputesandstrugglesinMassachusettsintensified
2.moreimmigrants
MaineandVermont
Reason:
Proximity(邻近)
Non-EnglishColonies
NewYork,NewJerseywerefirstcolonizedbytheDutch.
DelawarewasfoundedbytheSwedish.
Pennsylvania:
Quakers/theSocietyofFriends(anothergroupofEnglishProtestant)
WilliamPenn,thefounder
Grantedcolonies
MarylandgrantedbyCharlesItohisfriendLordBaltimoreasarefugeforEnglishCatholics.
SouthCarolinaandNorthCarolinagivenbyCharlesIItohiseightclosesupporters.
ThelastcolonyGeorgia
Ahaven(港口,避难所)forEnglishprisonersofdebtwhocouldnotdischargetheirdebts.
ØTheEarlyImmigrants最初的殖民与殖民生活
WhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestants(WASPs)
Reasonstoimmigrate:
1.religiousdisputes(persecuteCatholicsandProtestants)
2.tobecomerichintheNewWorld(Protestantworkethic)
3.poormenasindenturedservants(契约劳工)
4.convicts
Americanculture:
AblendingofEuropeancultures,butnotameretransplantation.
Newvalues:
1.newideasandreforms
2.adaptations:
lessformalandmorepractical;lessconservativeandmoreoutspoken
3.industrious
4.elasticity(弹性,灵活性),tolerance,compromise
5.religionasaprivateaffair
6.libertyanddemocracy
ØBostonTeaParty波士顿倾茶事件
RelationbetweenEnglandandColonies
Economic:
supplyEnglandwithrawmaterialswhileimportinggoodsmanufacturedinEngland.
England←Rival;sevenyearswar(1756-1763)→France
ProtectionMakeuseofIndianstoattackeachother
↓
EnglishcoloniesinAmerica←attack→Indians
波士顿倾茶事件
Cause:
EnglandallowtheEastIndiaCompanytoundersellteawithoutpayingimporttaxinthecolonies.
Place&Time:
December16,1773,Bostonharbor
英国惩罚措施IntolerableActs:
asktopaytealoss;todepriveself-rule
Result:
Thispolicyarousedthecolonialoppositionandtheydeclared“notaxationwithoutrepresentation”.
ØTwoContinentalCongresses两次大陆会议
1stContinentalCongress
Sept.5,1774inPhiladelphia
Delegatesfrom12coloniesexceptGeorgia
Document:
DeclarationofRightsandGrievances《权利和不满宣言》
RejectedbytheBritishParliament
Colonialmilitiamenwereorganized.
Thefirstarmedclash(莱克星顿的枪声——导火索)
April19,1775;GunshotsatthevillageLexington,nearBoston
2ndContinentalCongress
May10,1775inPhiladelphia,IndependenceHall
OrganizeandequipanAmericanarmy
AppointingGeorgeWashingtonascommander-in-chief
Askforhelpfromothercountries,esp.France
Publicsupport:
1776,ThomasPainepublishedCommonSenseandTheAmericanCrisis
ØDeclarationofIndependence独立宣言
Duringthe2ndContinentalCongress
——Acommittee,(composedofThomasJefferson,BenjaminFranklin,JohnAdamandothermembers)
TodrawuptheDeclarationofIndependence.
ItwasdraftedbyThomasJeffersononJuly4th,1776(IndependenceDay/theNationalDayoftheUS)
wasamilestoneinAmericanhistory.
ItisremarkableinthatitapproachestheproblemofAmericanindependencefromtheangleofhumanrights.
“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness;thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentthegoverned;thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterortoabolishit,andtoinstituteanewgovernment...”
---DeclarationofIndependence,draftedbyThomasJefferson,Benjamin