专业文献英语翻译复试Word格式文档下载.doc

专业文献英语翻译复试Word格式文档下载.doc

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专业英语复试题-1@#@Mesocrystals（介晶）areanewclassofnanostructuredsolidmaterials,whicharemostoftenmadeofcrystallographically（晶向）orientednanoparticles.Structuralfeatures,properties,andpossibleapplicationsofmesocrystalsaresummarizedinthispaper.Duetotheiruniquestructuralfeaturesandtheresultingphysicalandphysicochemicalproperties,mesocrystalsareexpectedtoplayasignificantroleinimprovingtheperformanceofmaterialsinmanyapplications.Theseareasdiverseasheterogeneousphotocatalysts,electrodes,optoelectronics,biomedicalmaterials,hardtemplates,andlightweightstructuralmaterials.@#@Inthepast6years,moreandmoreattentionhasbeenpaidtomesocrystallinematerials.Anincreasingnumberofpapershavebeenpublishedintheliterature.Mostofthesefocusedonthecharacterizationofstructuresandtheinvestigationofformationmechanisms.Theresultsindicatethatthestructureandformationmechanismofamesocrystalarerelatedtotheshapeofthenanoparticle,colloidalstabilization,andvectoriallong-rangeinteractionpotentials.Surfaceinteractionbetweenthenanoparticlesplaysacriticalroleduringtheformationprocessofamesocrystalandmayberesponsiblefortheformationofexternalfaces.Thereasonfortheremarkably（almostperfectlyinsomecases）orderedalignmentofnanoparticlesisstillpoorlyunderstood.Specialemphasishasbeenplacedonthedifferentpossibleforcesthatmaydriveorientationandassemblybetweennanoparticles.@#@专业英语复试题-2@#@Thisworkdescribesthereal-timeandquantitativeanalysisofcalciumphosphatemineralizationusingaquartzcrystalmicrobalance（QCM）sensorandsyntheticDNAtemplates.Intypicalmineralizationstudies,staticend-pointanalysisandsurfacecharacterizationiscommon,whilereal-timequantitationfocusingontimeofnucleation,nucleationrates,timeofcrystalgrowth,andgrowthrateshasnotbeenwidelyexplored.Abetterunderstandingoftheseparametersincoordinationwithstructuralanalysiscouldaidintheassessmentoftemplatemoleculesandcouldprovideinsightintobiologicalandbiomimeticmineralization.QCMisadynamic,real-timeanalyticaltechniquethatcanbegeneralizedtoavarietyofmineralsandcanbeintegratedwithwidelyusedsurfacecharacterizationtechniques.Asatemplateformineralization,DNAhasonlyrecentlybeenstudied,althoughithaspotentialasananionicpolynucleotidewithuniqueprogrammabilityandstructuraldiversityinfolding.@#@专业英语复试题-3@#@Livingorganismsarewellknowntoexploitthematerialpropertiesofamorphousandcrystallinemineralswhenbuildingawiderangeoforganic–inorganichybridmaterialsforavarietyofpurposes,suchasnavigation,mechanicalsupport,photonics,andprotectionofthesoftpartsofthebody.Thehighlevelofcontroloverthecomposition,structure,size,andmorphologyofbiomineralsresultsinmaterialsofamazingcomplexityandfascinatingpropertiesthatstronglycontrastwiththoseofgeologicalmineralsandoftensurpassthoseofsyntheticanalogues.[1]Itisnosurprise,then,thatbiomineralshaveintriguedscientistsformanydecadesandservedasasourceofinspirationinthedevelopmentofmaterialswithhighlycontrollableandspecializedproperties.InthisReviewweaimtoprovideanoverviewofthedifferentnature-drawnstrategiesthathavebeenappliedtoproducematerialsforbiomedical,industrial,andtechnologicalapplications.Wewillfirstillustratethediversityofbiogenicmineralsandtheiroverallproperties,anddescribethemostgeneralapproachesusedbyorganismstoproducesuchmaterials.Wewillthendiscussseveralapproachesinspiredbythemechanismsofbiomineralizationinnature,andhowtheycanbeappliedtothesynthesisoffunctionalandadvancedmaterialssuchasboneimplants,nanowires,semiconductors,andnanostructuredsilica.Inthefinalsection,wewilldiscussmethodsthatarenecessarytostudyandvisualizetheformationofsyntheticmaterialsinsitusoastobetterunderstand,control,andoptimizetheirsynthesisandproperties.@#@专业英语复试题-4@#@Nanoparticleswithdipoleormagneticmomentswillcreatelocaldipole/magneticfieldsandcanmutuallyattracteachotherincrystallographicregister.Thesameistrueforanisotropicparticlepolarization,whereparticlesurfaceswithequalpolarizabilityattracteachotherbydirectedvanderWaalsforces.Thisconceptrequiresthenucleationofalargenumberofnanoparticlesofaboutthesamesizewiththerequirementofanisotropyalongatleastonecrystallographicaxis.Thisanisotropycanalsobeinherenttothecrystalsystemaswasobservedforthecaseofaminoacidcrystalsormightbeinducedbyselectivepolyelectrolyteadsorptiontoexposehighlychargedfacessimultaneouslywiththeiroppositelychargedcounterface.Aminoac