人工智能外文翻译文献Word文档下载推荐.docx
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国外作者:
StuartRussell,DanielDewey,MaxTegmark
文献出处:
《AssociationfortheAdvancementofArtificialIntelligence》,2015,36(4):
105-114
字数统计:
英文2887单词,16400字符;
中文5430汉字
外文文献:
ResearchPrioritiesforRobustandBeneficialArtificialIntelligence
AbstractSuccessinthequestforartificialintelligencehasthepotentialtobringunprecedentedbenefitstohumanity,anditisthereforeworthwhiletoinvestigatehowtomaximizethesebenefitswhileavoidingpotentialpitfalls.Thisarticlegivesnumerousexamples(whichshouldbynomeansbeconstruedasanexhaustivelist)ofsuchworthwhileresearchaimedatensuringthatAIremainsrobustandbeneficial.
Keywords:
artificialintelligence,superintelligence,robust,beneficial,safety,society
Artificialintelligence(AI)researchhasexploredavarietyofproblemsandapproachessinceitsinception,butforthelast20yearsorsohasbeenfocusedontheproblemssurroundingtheconstructionofintelligentagents–systemsthatperceiveandactinsomeenvironment.Inthiscontext,thecriterionforintelligenceisrelatedtostatisticalandeconomicnotionsofrationality–colloquially,theabilitytomakegooddecisions,plans,orinferences.Theadoptionofprobabilisticrepresentationsandstatisticallearningmethodshasledtoalargedegreeofintegrationandcross-fertilizationbetweenAI,machinelearning,statistics,controltheory,neuroscience,andotherfields.Theestablishmentofsharedtheoreticalframeworks,combinedwiththeavailabilityofdataandprocessingpower,hasyieldedremarkablesuccessesinvariouscomponenttaskssuchasspeechrecognition,imageclassification,autonomousvehicles,machinetranslation,leggedlocomotion,andquestion-answeringsystems.
Ascapabilitiesintheseareasandotherscrossthethresholdfromlaboratoryresearchtoeconomicallyvaluabletechnologies,avirtuouscycletakesholdwherebyevensmallimprovementsinperformanceareworthlargesumsofmoney,promptinggreaterinvestmentsinresearch.ThereisnowabroadconsensusthatAIresearchisprogressingsteadily,andthatitsimpactonsocietyislikelytoincrease.Thepotentialbenefitsarehuge,sinceeverythingthatcivilizationhastoofferisaproductofhumanintelligence;
wecannotpredictwhatwemightachievewhenthisintelligenceismagnifiedbythetoolsAImayprovide,buttheeradicationofdiseaseandpovertyarenotunfathomable.BecauseofthegreatpotentialofAI,itisvaluabletoinvestigatehowtoreapitsbenefitswhileavoidingpotentialpitfalls.
Short-termResearchPriorities
OptimizingAI’sEconomicImpact
ThesuccessesofindustrialapplicationsofAI,frommanufacturingtoinformationservices,demonstrateagrowingimpactontheeconomy,althoughthereisdisagreementabouttheexactnatureofthisimpactandonhowtodistinguishbetweentheeffectsofAIandthoseofotherinformationtechnologies.ManyeconomistsandcomputerscientistsagreethatthereisvaluableresearchtobedoneonhowtomaximizetheeconomicbenefitsofAIwhilemitigatingadverseeffects,whichcouldincludeincreasedinequalityandunemployment(Mokyr2014;
BrynjolfssonandMcAfee2014;
FreyandOsborne2013;
Glaeser2014;
Shanahan2015;
Nilsson1984;
Manyikaetal.2013).Suchconsiderationsmotivatearangeofresearchdirections,spanningareasfromeconomicstopsychology.Belowareafewexamplesthatshouldbynomeansbeinterpretedasanexhaustivelist.
Labormarketforecasting:
Whenandinwhatordershouldweexpectvariousjobstobecomeautomated(FreyandOsborne2013)?
Howwillthisaffectthewagesoflessskilledworkers,thecreativeprofessions,anddifferentkindsofinformationworkers?
SomehavehavearguedthatAIislikelytogreatlyincreasetheoverallwealthofhumanityasawhole(BrynjolfssonandMcAfee2014).However,increasedautomationmaypushincomedistributionfurthertowardsapowerlaw(Brynjolfsson,McAfee,andSpence2014),andtheresultingdisparitymayfalldisproportionatelyalonglinesofrace,class,andgender;
researchanticipatingtheeconomicandsocietalimpactofsuchdisparitycouldbeuseful.
Othermarketdisruptions:
Significantpartsoftheeconomy,includingfinance,insurance,actuarial,andmanyconsumermarkets,couldbesusceptibletodisruptionthroughtheuseofAItechniquestolearn,model,andpredicthumanandmarketbehaviors.Thesemarketsmightbeidentifiedbyacombinationofhighcomplexityandhighrewardsfornavigatingthatcomplexity(Manyikaetal.2013).
Policyformanagingadverseeffects:
Whatpoliciescouldhelpincreasinglyautomatedsocietiesflourish?
Forexample,BrynjolfssonandMcAfee(BrynjolfssonandMcAfee2014)explorevariouspoliciesforincentivizingdevelopmentoflabor-intensivesectorsandforusingAI-generatedwea