二语习得复习汇总Word文件下载.docx

二语习得复习汇总Word文件下载.docx

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1.whatisthedifferencebetweenmonolingualandmultilingualcommunicativecompetence?

Differencesebetweenmonolingualandmultilingualcommunicativecompetencearedueinparttothedifferentsocialfunctionsoffirstandsecondlanguagelearning,andtothedifferencesbetweenlearninglanguageandlearningculture.

Thedifferencesofthecompetencebetweennativespeakersandnonativespeakersincludestructuraldifferencesinthelinguisitcsystem,differentrulesforusageinwritingorconversation,andevensomewhatdivergentmeaningsforthe“same”lexicalforms.Further,amultilingualspeaker’stotalcommunicativecompetencediffersfromthatofamonolingualinincludingknowledgeofrulesfortheappropriatechoiceoflanguageandforswitchingbetweenlanguages,givenaparticularsocialcontextandcommunicativepurpose.

2.whatarethemicrosocialfactorsthataffectSLA?

a）L2variation 

b）inputandinteraction 

c）interactionasthegenesisoflanguage

3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlinguisticcompetence&

communicativecompetence（CC）?

Linguisticcompetence-Itwasdefinedin1965byChomskyasaspeaker'

sunderlyingabilitytoproducegrammaticallycorrectexpressions.Linguisticcompetencereferstoknowledgeoflanguage.Theoreticallinguisticsprimarilystudieslinguisticcompetence:

knowledgeofalanguagepossessedby“anidealspeak-listener”.

Communicativecompetence-Itisaterminlinguisticswhichrefersto“whataspeakerneedstoknowtocommunicateappropriatelywithinaparticularlanguagecommunity”,suchasalanguageuser'

sgrammaticalknowledgeofsyntax,morphology,phonologyandthelike,aswellassocialknowledgeabouthowandwhentouseutterancesappropriately.

4.WhyisCCinL1differentfromL2?

L1learningforchildrenisanintegralpartoftheirsociolizationintotheirnativelanguagecommunity.L2learningmaybepartofsecondculturelearningandadaptation,buttherelationshipofSLAtosocialandculturallearningdiffersgreatlywithcircumstances.

5.WhatisAccommodationTheory?

HowdoesthisexplainL2variation?

Accommodationtheory:

Speakers（usuallyunconsciously）changetheirpronunciationandeventhegrammaticalcomplexityofsentencestheyusetosoundmorelikewhomevertheyaretalkingto.ThisaccountsinpartforwhynativespeakerstendtosimplytheirlanguagewhentheyaretalkingtoaL2learnerwhoisnotfluent,andwhyL2learnersmayacquiresomewhatdifferentvarietiesofthetargetlanguagewhentheyhavedifferentfriends.

6.Discusstheimportanceofinput&

interactionforL2learning.Howcouldthisaffectthefeedbackprovidedtostudents?

.a）Fromtheperspectiveoflinguisticapproaches:

（1）behaviorist:

theyconsiderinputtoformthenecessarystimuliandfeedbackwhichlearnersrespondtoandimitate;

（2）UniversalGrammar:

theyconsiderexposuretoinputanecessarytriggerforactivatinginternalmechanisms;

（3）MonitorModel:

considercomprehensibleinputnotonlynecessarybutsufficientinitselftoaccountforSLA;

b）Fromtheperspectiveofpsychologicalapproaches:

（1）IPframework:

considerinputwhichisattendedtoasessentialdataforallstagesoflanguageprocessing;

（2）connectionistframework:

considerthequantityorfrequencyofinputstructurestolargelydetermineacquisitionalsequencing;

c）Fromtheperspectiveofsocialapproaches:

interactionisgenerallyseenasessentialinprovidinglearnerswiththequantityandqualityofexternallinguisticinputwhichisrequiredforinternalprocessing.

ⅱ.OthertypesofinteractionwhichcanenhanceSLAincludefeedbackfromNSswhichmakesNNsawarethattheirusageisnotacceptableinsomeway,andwhichprovidesamodelfor“correctness”.WhilechildrenrarelyreceivesuchnegativeevidenceinL1,anddon’trequireittoachievefullnativecompetence,correctivefeedbackiscommoninL2andmayindeedbenecessaryformostlearnerstoultimatelyreachnative-likelevelsofproficiencywhenthatisthedesiredgoal.

7.ExplainZPD.HowwouldscaffoldingputastudentinZPD?

ZoneofProximalDevelopment,thisisanareaofpotentialdevelopment,wherethelearnercanachievethatpotentialonlywithassistance.Mentalfunctionsthatarebeyondanindividual'

scurrentlevelmustbeperformedincollaborationwithotherpeoplebeforetheyareachievedindependently.OnewayinwhichothershelpthelearnerinlanguagedevelopmentwithintheZPDisthroughscaffolding.Scaffoldingreferstoverbalguidancewhichanexpertprovidestohelpalearnerperformanyspecifictask,ortheverbalcollaborationofpeerstoperformataskwhichwouldbetoodifficultforanyoneofthemindividually.Itisnotsomethingthathappenstolearnersasapassiverecipient,buthappenswithalearnerasanactiveparticipant.

8.Explainwhysomelearnersaremoresuccessf