自考英语词汇学考试重点精华整理_精品文档Word文件下载.doc
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词语是语言最小的自由形式,拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Soundandmeaning(声音与意义):
almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”
3.Soundandform(读音和形式):
不统一的四个原因
(1)theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother
(2)thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears(3)someofthedifferencewerecreatedbytheearlyscribes(4)theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary
(5)printing、standardization、dictionary
—OldEnglish,Thespeechofthetimewasrepresentedverymuchmorefaithfullyinwritingthanitistoday.古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语
—ThewrittenformofEnglishisanimperfectrepresentationofthespokenform。
英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表
4.Whatisvocabulary?
(1)Totalnumberofthewordsinalanguage一个语言的单词综合
(2)Wordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod特殊历史时期使用的单词
(3)Allthewordsofadialect,abook,adiscipline...某个方言,书籍,学科中的所有单词
5.ClassificationofEnglishWords:
Byusefrequency:
basicwordstock&
nonbasicvocabulary
Bynotion:
contentwords&
functionalwords
Byorigin:
nativewords&
borrowedwords
6.Thebasicwordstock(基本词汇):
isthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughitconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEV,itisthemostimportantpartofvocabulary.基础词是几世纪积累的词汇的基础,构成语言的核心。
尽管基础词占英语词汇比例小,它仍然是最重要的组成部分。
7.TheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock(基本词汇的基本特征):
1)All-Nationalcharacter(全民通用性mostimportant)2)Stability(相对稳定性relative)
3)Productivity(多产性aremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords)4)Polysemy(多义性)5)Collocability(可搭配性)
8.nonbasicvocabulary
(1)Terminology(术语)
(2)Jargon(行话)(3)slang(俚语)(4)Argot(暗语)(5)Dialectalwords(方言)(6)Archaisms(古语)(7)Neologisms(新词语):
Neologismsmeansnewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.(email)
9.—Terminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine、inmathematics、inmusic、ineducation.包括特定学科的技术术语和学术领域
—Jargonreferstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselves用于特定的词汇,通过特定艺术,科学,商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流
—Slangbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordslikecant,jargon,andargot俚语粗话属于低等语言,处在标准通用语言,(包括每人用的非正式词汇)和团体内部语言包括cant(任何下等团体的行话),jargons,argot
10.slangiscolourful,blunt,expressiveandimpressive俚语生动,直率,印象深刻而且感人
11.Certainwordsarelabeled'
slang'
notbecausetheirappearanceorpronunciationbutbecauseoftheirusage特定词被标示为“俚语”不是因为他们的写法和发音,而是因为他们的用法
12.Contentwords/notionalwords实词
Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals内容词表示清楚的概念,因为被认为是概念词。
他们包括名词,动词。
形容词,副词和数词
13.functionalwords/emptywords虚词
Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore,theyarealsocalledemptywords.Astheirchieffunctionistoexpresstherelationbetweennotions,therelationbetweenwordsaswellasbetweensentences,theyareknownasformwords.Prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliariesandarticlesbelongtothiscategory.功能词没有他们自己的概念。
因此,他们也称作“空词”。
由于他们的主要功能是去表达概念间的关系,词语间和句子间的关系,他们被认为是“结构词”。
介词,连词,辅助词和冠词属于这一类
14.区别:
Contentwords,whichconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabulary,arenumerous,andthenumberisevergrowingwhereasfunctionalwords,whichmakeupaverysmallnumberofthevocabulary,remainstable.However,functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressioninEnglishonaveragethancontentwords内容词,构成了英语词汇的主体,是数量多的。
并且那数量还在增长,然而,功能词,只占词汇的很少一部分,保持稳定。
然而,功能词比内容词在表达上做了更多的工作
15.Nativewords:
1.Neutralinstyle风格中性2.Frequentinuse使用频繁
(1)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000盎格鲁撒克逊源头词数量很少,大约在50000到60000之间
(2)theyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstock他们构成了基本词汇的主流
(3)standatthecoreofthelanguage处在语言的核心
16.Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloan