社会语言学期末复习Word下载.docx

社会语言学期末复习Word下载.docx

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Sociolinguisticsisconcernedwithinvestigatingtherelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsocietywiththegoalbeingabetterunderstandingofthestructureoflanguageandofhowlanguagesfunctionincommunication.Itisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.Thatistosay,insociolinguistics,westudylanguageandsocietyinordertofindoutasmuchaswecanaboutwhatkindofthinglanguageis.Coulmasputsitthatsociolinguisticsinvestigates“howsocialstructureinfluencesthewaypeopletalkandhowlanguagevarietiesandpatternsofusecorrelatewithsocialattributessuchasclass,sex,andage.”Insociolinguistics,westudy,forexample,linguisticvariation,dialects,languageattitudeanditseffectetc.

2.Independentvariable&

dependentvariable

Anindependentvariableisanactivityorcharacteristicbelievedtomakeadifferencewithrespecttosomebehavior;

adependentvariableisthechangeordifferenceinbehaviorthatoccursasaresultoftheindependentvariable.Forexample,inLabov’sstudyof/r/,thesocialstatusofthepeopleisanindependentvariableandthepronunciationof/r/isthedependentvariableasaresultofthechangeofthesocialstatus.

3.Variety

Varietyreferstoasetoflinguisticitemsorhumanspeechpatterns（sounds,words,grammaticalfeatures）,whichcanbeuniquelyassociatedwithsomeexternalfactor（e.g.ageographicalareaorasocialgroup）.Forexample,BlackEnglishisavarietyofEnglishrelatedwiththeracialgroupandBeijingdialectisalsoavarietyofChineseMandarinrelatedwiththegeographicalarea.

4.Languageanddialect

Languagereferseithertoasinglelinguisticnormortoagroupofrelatednormswhiledialectreferstooneofthenorms.Forexample,inBritain,theBritishspeaktheEnglishlanguageandtherearedialectssuchasYorkshiredialectetc.

5.Styleandregister

Stylereferstodifferencesinspeechorwritingintermsofdegreeofformality.Itisusuallyassociatedwithvariationsinsituation,topic,addressee,andlocation.Forexample,ourtalkismuchmoreformalinapublicspeechandlessinformalindailyconversation.Similarlywewouldtalkmorerespectfullywithaninterviewerandlesssowithclassmatesorfamilymembers.Registerreferstodifferencesinspeechorwritingintermsofvocabulary.Itisusuallyassociatedwithacertainoccupationalorsocialgroup.Forexample,jargonisthevocabularydifferencesbecauseofdifferentoccupations.

6.Standardvarietyandnon-standardvariety

Standardvarietyisthevarietywhichhasthehigheststatusinacommunityornationandwhichisusuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakers.Othervarietiesareregardedasnon-standardvarieties.Forexample,inChina,Mandarinisthestandardvarietythathasthehigheststatus,andisusedinmedia,educationetcandothervarietiesarenon-standardones.

7.Standardization

Standardizationreferstotheprocessofmakingsomeaspectoflanguageusageconformstoastandardvariety.Thismaytakeplaceinconnectionwiththewritingorspellingsystemofaparticularlanguageandisusuallyimplementedbyagovernmentauthority.

8.Dialectgeographyandisogloss.

Dialectgeographyreferstothestudyofgeographicdistributionoflinguisticitems,theresultsplottedonmaps（dialectatlases）.Linesmarkingtheboundariesoflinguisticfeaturesonsuchmapsareisoglosses.Forexample,inthefollowingmapwhichshowsthedistributionof/r/,/u/and//pronunciation,thelines,bothdottedandreallinesarecalledisogloss.

/r/-full&

//

/r/-less&

///r/-full&

/u/

/u/

9.Networks

Networksrefertogroupsofpeoplewhocommunicatewitheachotherregularly.Thedensityofasocialnetworkdependsonthedegreetowhichthepeoplewhoformthesocialnetworkallknoweachother.

Theconcept“networks”isusedtoviewhowanindividualrelatestootherindividualsinsociety.Thatis,itstudieshowandonwhatoccasionsaspecificindividualAinteractsnowwithB,thenwithC,andthenagainwithD,howintensivethevariousrelationshipsare,（doesAinteractmorefrequentlywithBthanwithCorD?

）andhowextensiveA’srelationshipwithBisinthesenseofhowmanyotherindividualsinteractwithbothAandBinwhateveractivitybringsthemtogether.

Peoplecanbeinvolvedinadensenetworkifthepeopleyouknowandinteractwithalsoknowandinteractwithoneanother.Iftheydonot,thenetworkisalooseone.Andpeoplearesaidtobeinvolvedinamultiplexnetworkifthepeoplewithinitaretiedtogetherinmorethanoneway.

10.Variation

Variationreferstolanguagedifferencesinspeechandwritingbetweenspeakersofdifferentages,genders,socialclassesoridentities;

ordifferencesindifferencesindifferentsituation,topic,addressee,and