当代西方政治思潮四PPT文档格式.ppt
《当代西方政治思潮四PPT文档格式.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《当代西方政治思潮四PPT文档格式.ppt(76页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![当代西方政治思潮四PPT文档格式.ppt](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2022-10/4/09613aff-0b14-4300-8c60-5db3f4279867/09613aff-0b14-4300-8c60-5db3f42798671.gif)
随着苏联与东欧的易帜,马克思主义是否还有生命力?
一、从黑格尔到马克思,1,黑格尔的历史哲学,Hegelsphilosophyofhistory
(1)Historyrecordstheunfoldingofaninnerhumanspirit.(历史记录了内在的人类精神的展开。
)
(2)Humanunderstandingishistorical.(人类理解是历史的。
)(3)Humanprogressanddivinedesign.(人类是进步的,且与神圣的设计相关。
),GeorgFriedrichHegel(1770-1831)ThegreatGermanphilosopher,2,马克思KarlMarx曾经是一个青年黑格尔主义者,KarlMarx(1818-1883).Themajortheoristofmodernsocialism.,KarlMarxwasbornin1818inTrier,Germany,toanassimilatedJewishfamily.Hisfather,asuccessfullawyer,hadhopedthathissonwouldstudylaw,butKarlpreferredphilosophy.ItwaswhilestudyinginBerlin,atthesameuniversityatwhichHegelhadtaught,thattheconfrontationwithHegelianphilosophicalsystemtookplace.,3,黑格尔与马克思的思想对照,HegelSpiritorreason(精神或理性)Dialecticalclashbetweenideas(理念之间的辩证冲突)Freedominphilosophicalterms(哲学形态的自由),MarxPeopleandtheiractualinterests(人们与其实际利益Theactualclashbetweengroupsstrugglingfordominance(追求统治地位的集团之间的实际冲突)Politicalandeconomicfreedom(政治和经济的自由),二、马克思的历史唯物主义MarxistMaterialism,Amaterialistviewofhistory=Materialism关于历史的唯物主义观点=历史唯物主义1,阶级主争观点
(1)Withscarceresources,differentgroupswillrangedagainsteachotherinthestruggleforsurvivalandsatisfaction.(对于有限资源,不同集团将为之斗争。
)
(2)Asmaterialconditionschange,theprotagonistsinthegreathistoricaldramachangeaswell.(随着物质条件的变化,不同历史戏剧中的主角也将发生变化。
),Slaves.vs.Masters,serfs.vs.lords,workers.vs.capitalists,2,经济基础决定上层建筑
(1)InMarxsview,classpositionisdecisiveindetermininghowweviewtheworld.阶级地位决定世界观。
(2)Socialconditionsdetermineconsciousness.客观条件决定人的意识。
三、马克思的政治经济学,“capitalismcreatsitsowngrave-diggers.”资本主义培养了自己的掘墓人。
资本主义生产的内在矛盾,NewtechnologicalinnovationsTheincreaseinproductiveandprofitsisnolongerastronomicalNewlyimpoverishedLowwagesandfallingVastquantitiesofgoodsWhowillbuytheproducts?
PainfulcontractionsofthemarketGreatperiodiccrises,生产力与生产关系,Forcesandrelationsofproduction生产力Forcesofproduction:
theactualmaterialmethodsofproductionprevailinginagivensociety.生产关系Relationsofproduction:
thehumansideoftheproductionprocess,thewaysinordertoproduce.Capitalismproducesthemeansofhumanliberationbutpreventsitsrealization.,四、无产阶级专政与共产主义社会,Dictatorshipoftheproletariat无产阶级专政Morehumaneandlessdictatorial:
a.Thegreatmajorityoverasmallminority.b.Inordertoservethebroadinterestsofhumanitybourgeoiscapitalistsincluded.c.Atransitionalstage.,Thedawningofcommunism共产主义的到来,Factor:
TheworkerstakecontrolofthemeansofproductionhumanizetherelationsofproductionunleashtheforcesofproductionallowingtoworkforthegeneralgoodAquantumleapinhumanmaterialabundance.,工人掌握生产工具。
使生产关系人性化。
解放生产力。
允许为一般善而工作。
Thewitheringofthestate国家消亡,Theproletariat,theuniversalclass,willhaveabolisheditselfandcreatedauniversalsociety.,马克思笔下的共产主义社会:
FutureCommunistSociety,1.Democraticinaradicalsense:
Lackingconflictorcoercion.激进民主:
没有冲突和压制。
2.Workwouldnolongerbedrudgery.工作不再是负担。
3.Possessivenesswoulddisappear.所有制消失。
4.Publicownership.公有制。
5.Humanrelationswouldbeplacedonanovelfooting.关系和睦。
6.Thefamilywouldbereplacedbynewformsofhumanassociation.家庭消失。
7.Aborderless,statelesshumanity.无国界,无国家。
五、对马克思的批评:
Critiques,A:
Thehistoricalrecord:
历史事实1.Thegrowingimpoverishmentoftheworkingclassdidnotmaterialize.无产阶级的贫困化。
2.Nationalismisawaningforcewhichwouldbereplacedbyinternationalworking-classamityhasprovedtobewrong.无产阶级的国际化。
B:
DatedelementsinMarxsim.过时的结论1.Social-welfare.社会福利2.Marxsunderstandingofclassidentityandviewofthebusinesscycleareanachronistic.马克思对阶级身份的理解及商业圈的观点都是过时的。
C:
Marxsexaggerations.夸大的观点1.Allhistoricalsocietiesarelockedinlife-and-deathconflictsoverscarcesources.2.Socialrelationsnotonlyinvolveconflictandcoercion,butalsosolidarity,consensus,evencooperative.,D:
Willtheproletariatself-destruct?
在完成历史使命后,无产阶级是否会自动结束专政?
六、俄国革命与列宁主义,1,MensheviksandBolsheviks,2,普列汉诺夫与俄国马克思主义正常的建立,GeorgiValentinovichPlekhanov(November26,1857-May30,1918)wasaRussianrevolutionaryandaMarxisttheoretician.HewasafounderoftheSocial-DemocraticmovementinRussiaandwasthefirstRussianMarxist.,3,布尔什维克强调铁的纪律及民主集中制,theBolsheviks,arguedthatorganizationaldemocracywasrelevantonlyforopenwesternsocieties.Theyhadtoformarevolutionaryarmythatwas
(1)highlydisciplined,高度的纪律性
(2)hierarchicalinitscommandstructure,指挥结构中的层级制(3)secretinitsdeliberations,讨论过程中保守秘密(4)centralizedinitsorganization.组织中的集中制,4,共产党是无产阶级先锋队。
Lenininsistedthatthecommunistpartydidnotrepresentmassinterestsasmuchasinexpressedthemoreadvanceviewsofthe“revolutionarysocialistintelligentsia.”hence,thecommunistleadershiphadtoactivelysettherevolutionaryagenda.Inthissense,Leninspokeofthepartyasthevanguardofsocietysprogressiveforce.,5,列宁与马克思的区别,Iffo