西方哲学词典Word格式.docx

西方哲学词典Word格式.docx

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rain,"

"

today,"

etc.I

mustlearnaboutitbyeitherobservingitformyselforhavingsomeotherobserverconveythe

informationtome.

APRIORI（priortointime）:

Thatwhichcomesbeforesenseexperience;

thatwhichdoesnotrequire

senseknowledgetobeknownastrue.Cf."

armchair"

mathematicians.E.g.,Iknowacircleisround

bydefinition,evenifIhadneverseenacircleinmylife.

ABSTRACTION（ab-trahere;

todrawout）:

Thementalconcentrationononeaspectofsomething

whileignoringotheraspects;

contrastedwiththewhole,CONCRETEthing,e.g.,sweetness—this

orange;

humanness-Sally.Itdoesnotnecessarilyentailorimplytheactualdivisionorseparationof

thedifferentaspectsofthethingasitexistsoutsideofthemind.

ABSURD（ab-surdus;

senseless）:

Thatwhichisself—contradictory,impossible,e.g.,asquarecircle;

hence,meaningless,ridiculous,irrational.In20thc.phil.thetermisoftenusedbyAtheistic

Existentialists,suchasAlbertCamusandJean-PaulSartre,torefertothehumancondition,i.e.,the

"

absurdman"

mustlearntosurvive,withoutcommittingsuicide,inameaningless,detrop,world,

onewhichhasn’tcomefromanywhereandwhichisnotgoinganywhere.Theworldandhumansare

surds,"

thingswithoutanyreasonforbeing.

ACADEMICFREEDOM:

Therighttodoresearchandteachinaccordancewiththestandardsofthe

institutionyoufreelychosetojoinandbywhosemoralandintellectualprinciplesyoufreelyagreed

toabide.Hence,IFboththeindividualandtheleadersoftheinstitutionknowwhattheyareaboutin

thefirstplace,there-cannotbeany-conflictbetweenone’spersonal,conscienceandtheschool.If

suchshouldariseduetoachangeonthepartoftheteacher,ingoodconsciencetheteachershould

voluntarilyleave.

ADHOMINEM（againsttheperson）:

Inlogic,apseudo—argumentdirectedagainstsomepersonalcharacteristicoftheopponentratherthanagainstthesubstanceoftheposition.E.g.,Einstein

couldn’thavebeenright;

justlookatthewayhecombedhishair!

AESTHETICS（aisthanesthai;

toperceivebythesenses）:

Theoriesconcerningthenature,origins,and

appreciationofthebeautiful.

AGNOSTICISM（a—gnostos;

unknown）:

InLatin,ignorance.Claimingthatnothingisknown

concerningtheanswerstotheultimatequestionsofscience,phil.,theology,andlifeingeneral.Such

knowledgeislackingnow,butwemaygetitinthefuture.E.g.,Darwinclaimedthathedidn’thave

anycertainknowledgeabouttheexistenceofGodandhumanfreedom.

ALIENATION（alius;

other）:

Ingeneral,thewithdrawingorremovingofonethingfromanother;

to

beleftout;

estranged.In19thc.phil.,the"

For—Itself"

losingitselftothe"

In—Itself,"

whichthen

comestostandoverinoppositionagainstthe"

For—Itself."

InHegel,TheAbsoluteSpirit（God）becomingotherintheformoftheMaterialworldwhichisdeterminedandmechanisticin

accordancewiththeNewtonianlawsofnature.InMarx,theworkerslosingtheirprofitstothe

capitalists;

theirlabor,whichisthesourceofallwealth,isalienatedfromthemselves.InLudwig

FeuerbachandSigmundFreud,theprojectionofhumanfather—figuretraitsintotheheavenssoastoproduceGod;

thelosingofhumannature,whichisreal,todivinenature,whichisunrealbut

whichnevertheless,asanobsessionalneurosis,standsinoppositiontoman.InSartre,thehuman

-2-

conditionoftheabsolute,autonomous,freewill（theFor—Itself,non-being,nothingness）in

oppositiontotheoppressive,inertworldofphysicalmatter（theIn—Itself,being）;

inexplicablythe

In-ItselfproducestheFor—Itself;

beingrecoilsagainstitselftoproducethenothingnessofhuman

consciousness;

it’sme（myconsciousness）againsttheworld（includingotherpeople）.

ALTRUISM（alter;

theother）:

Showinganunselfishloveforothers.

ANALOGOUSUSAGE:

Ingeneral,thesametermhasameaningthat’spartiallythesameand

partiallydifferentindifferentcontexts;

verycommoninordinarylanguage.E.g.,tallman,ta;

;

tree;

goodflatworm,goodhusband;

truediamond,truefriend,truelove;

beautifulflower,beautiful

building,beautifulperson,etc.

ANALOGY（ana—logos;

tosayagain）:

Aratioofonethingtoanother;

acomparison;

usuallymeaningthattwothingsarethesameinatleastonerespecteventhoughtheremaybedifferencesin

otherrespects.Maintypes:

ATTRIBUTION:

Thetraitbe