孟加拉房地产融资问题程序与展望外文翻译Word下载.docx
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孟加拉房地产融资问题程序与展望外文翻译@#@外文翻译@#@原文:
@#@@#@RealEstateFinancinginBangladesh:
@#@Problems,Programs,andProspects@#@ObjectivesoftheStudy@#@RealestatefinancingisarelativelynewconceptinBangladesh.Researchingonthisissueisevennewerinourcountry.Afewcomparativestudieshavebeenconductedonhousingfinance,andmostpublicationsare“statusreports”offeredwithoutananalyticframework.Oneoftheweaknessesoftheexistingcomparativestudiesisthepoorqualityofthedata–aconsequenceofthedelayedchangesinthegovernanceofhousing.Tilldate,toourknowledge,twostudieshavebeenconductedsofar,onebyAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)in1993andtheotherbyUNDP/UNCHS(Habitat)in1998whichhaveshadedsomelightsonthisissue,unfortunatelymostoftheinformationusedinthesestudiesisnowoutdated.@#@ThebasicobjectiveofthisstudyistounderstandtherealestatefinancingsourcesandtheproblemsassociatedwiththeavailablefinancingoptionsinBangladesh.Toaccomplishthisobjective,followingspecificobjectiveshavebeencovered:
@#@@#@1.ToexaminevariousformalandalternativesourcesofrealestatefinancinginBangladesh@#@2.TodiscusssomemajorissuesandproblemsinexpandingformalhousingfinancesysteminBangladesh@#@3.Tocriticallyevaluatesomeimportantpolicymeasuresnecessarytoresolvetheseproblems@#@4.ToidentifystrategiesthatcancontributetothedevelopmentofrealestatefinancinginBangladesh@#@StatusofRealEstateFinancinginBangladesh@#@McKinney,Jr.(1952)hasidentifiedfoursourcesofrealestatefinancing(inorderofcontribution)duringthehousingboomintheUnitedStates,suchassavingsandloanassociationsfollowedbycommercialbanks,insurancecompanies,andmutualsavingsbanks.Edwards,(1964)hasalsopointedoutthatsavingsandloanassociationsbycontinuetogrowmorerapidlythanothermortgagelenders,isthedominantforceinthehomemortgagemarkets.Inspiteofanincreasingfocusonurbanhousinganddevelopment,informalsystemsarestillthedominantproducersinmanydevelopingcountries-anestimated60and70percentofMexico’sandBrazil’scurrenthousingstockisbuiltinformallybecausecurrentvaluechainsarenotadaptedtotheneedsandrealitiesofthisgrowingmarket(FranckandFerguson,2004).Thetwomostcommoninformalsourcesarelocal“loansharks”whochargeexorbitantinterestrates,andsavingsgroupssuchastandasinMexico;@#@stokvel,letsema,orubuntuinSouthAfrica;@#@ormingainEcuador(SchmidtandBudinich,2006).@#@Besidesthestate-ownedBHBFC,othersourcesofhousingfinancecurrentlyavailableinBangladesharecommercialbanks,employeeloans,lifeinsurancepolicies,andinformalmeans.Intheruralsector,thehousingco-operativesarethemajorprovidersofhousingfinance(Banglapedia,2005).The1993ADBsurveyofhomeownersofnewlyconstructedhousesshowedthatthemostimportantsourceofhousingfinancewashouseholdsavings(morethanonethird).Loansfromrelativesandfriendswerethesecondmostcommonformoffinance,followedbythesaleofotherparcelsofland.Employerandbankloans(includingGrameenBankloans)wereutilizedby13percentofnewhome-ownersandBHBFCloanswereonlyacquiredby5percent,allinthehigherincomebrackets(Hoek-Smit,1998).Moreover,severalpublicagencies,suchastheHousingandSettlementDirectorate,PublicWorksDepartment(PWD),LocalGovernmentEngineeringDepartment(LGED)anddifferentCityCorporationsareinvolvedinthefinancinganddevelopmentofhousingandresidentialinfrastructureprojects.AftertheLiberation,thethengovernmenthasinauguratedaprogramtorehabilitatethepoorandthehomelessinanumberofGussoGram(clustervillages).Later,variousgovernmenthavechalkedoutdifferentprogramstosupporttherurallandlessandhomelesspeople,suchasSheikhHasina’sgovernmenthasinitiatedprogramslikeAsrayon(shelter),GhareyPhera(returnhome)andEktiBariEktiKhamar(onehomesteadonefarm).GrihayanTahbil(housingfund)Project,ahousingfundadministeredbythePrimeMinister'@#@sOffice,provideslowcostfundstoNGOsandprivatesectordevelopersfortheconstructionofhousesforlow-to-moderateincomegrouppeople.UptoJune2006,BDT83.74crorewasdisbursedand36,500houseswereconstructedoutoftheallocatedamountofBDT153.56croreunderhousebuildingloanamongtheruralpoor.Therateofrecoveryagainstdisbursedloansis88percent(BangladeshEconomicReview,2006).@#@Apartfromthese,thegovernmenthasaprogramtoleaselandtoprivateagenciesforbuildinghousesforlowerandmiddleincomegroupswithcross-subsidyfromthehigherincomegroups.Inthiscase,thegovernmentwillbeplayingtheroleofan‘enabler’ora‘facilitator’.@#@Besidesgovernmentefforts,alargenumberofNGOshavebecomethepartnerswiththegovernmentspeciallyinproviding