机械外语文献翻译复习过程Word文档格式.docx
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MACHINABILITY
Themachinabilityofamaterialusuallydefinedintermsoffourfactors:
1、Surfacefinishandintegrityofthemachinedpart;
2、Toollifeobtained;
3、Forceandpowerrequirements;
4、Chipcontrol.
Thus,goodmachinabilitygoodsurfacefinishandintegrity,longtoollife,andlowforceAndpowerrequirements.Asforchipcontrol,longandthin(stringy)curedchips,ifnotbrokenup,canseverelyinterferewiththecuttingoperationbybecomingentangledinthecuttingzone.
Becauseofthecomplexnatureofcuttingoperations,itisdifficulttoestablishrelationshipsthatquantitativelydefinethemachinabilityofamaterial.Inmanufacturingplants,toollifeandsurfaceroughnessaregenerallyconsideredtobethemostimportantfactorsinmachinability.Althoughnotusedmuchanymore,approximatemachinabilityratingsareavailableintheexamplebelow.
1、MachinabilityOfSteels
Becausesteelsareamongthemostimportantengineeringmaterials(asnotedinChapter5),theirmachinabilityhasbeenstudiedextensively.Themachinabilityofsteelshasbeenmainlyimprovedbyaddingleadandsulfurtoobtainso-calledfree-machiningsteels.
ResulfurizedandRephosphorizedsteels.Sulfurinsteelsformsmanganesesulfideinclusions(second-phaseparticles),whichactasstressraisersintheprimaryshearzone.Asaresult,thechipsproducedbreakupeasilyandaresmall;
thisimprovesmachinability.Thesize,shape,distribution,andconcentrationoftheseinclusionssignificantlyinfluencemachinability.Elementssuchastelluriumandselenium,whicharebothchemicallysimilartosulfur,actasinclusionmodifiersinresulfurizedsteels.
Phosphorusinsteelshastwomajoreffects.Itstrengthenstheferrite,causingincreasedhardness.Hardersteelsresultinbetterchipformationandsurfacefinish.Notethatsoftsteelscanbedifficulttomachine,withbuilt-upedgeformationandpoorsurfacefinish.Thesecondeffectisthatincreasedhardnesscausestheformationofshortchipsinsteadofcontinuousstringyones,therebyimprovingmachinability.
LeadedSteels.Ahighpercentageofleadinsteelssolidifiesatthetipofmanganesesulfideinclusions.Innon-resulfurizedgradesofsteel,leadtakestheformofdispersedfineparticles.Leadisinsolubleiniron,copper,andaluminumandtheiralloys.Becauseofitslowshearstrength,therefore,leadactsasasolidlubricant(Section32.11)andissmearedoverthetool-chipinterfaceduringcutting.Thisbehaviorhasbeenverifiedbythepresenceofhighconcentrationsofleadonthetool-sidefaceofchipswhenmachiningleadedsteels.
Whenthetemperatureissufficientlyhigh-forinstance,athighcuttingspeedsandfeeds(Section20.6)—theleadmeltsdirectlyinfrontofthetool,actingasaliquidlubricant.Inadditiontothiseffect,leadlowerstheshearstressintheprimaryshearzone,reducingcuttingforcesandpowerconsumption.Leadcanbeusedineverygradeofsteel,suchas10xx,11xx,12xx,41xx,etc.LeadedsteelsareidentifiedbytheletterLbetweenthesecondandthirdnumerals(forexample,10L45).(Notethatinstainlesssteels,similaruseoftheletterLmeans“lowcarbon,”aconditionthatimprovestheircorrosionresistance.)
However,becauseleadisawell-knowntoxinandapollutant,thereareseriousenvironmentalconcernsaboutitsuseinsteels(estimatedat4500tonsofleadconsumptioneveryyearintheproductionofsteels).Consequently,thereisacontinuingtrendtowardeliminatingtheuseofleadinsteels(lead-freesteels).Bismuthandtinarenowbeinginvestigatedaspossiblesubstitutesforleadinsteels.
Calcium-DeoxidizedSteels.Animportantdevelopmentiscalcium-deoxidizedsteels,inwhichoxideflakesofcalciumsilicates(CaSo)areformed.Theseflakes,inturn,reducethestrengthofthesecondaryshearzone,decreasingtool-chipinterfaceandwear.Temperatureiscorrespondinglyreduced.Consequently,thesesteelsproducelesscraterwear,especiallyathighcuttingspeeds.
StainlessSteels.Austenitic(300series)steelsaregenerallydifficulttomachine.Chattercanbesproblem,necessitatingmachinetoolswithhighstiffness.However,ferriticstainlesssteels(also300series)havegoodmachinability.Martensitic(400series)steelsareabrasive,tendtoformabuilt-upedge,andrequiretoolmaterialswithhighhothardnessandcrater-wearresistance.Precipitation-hardeningstainlesssteelsarestrongandabrasive,requiringhardandabrasion-resistanttoolmaterials.
TheEffectsofOtherElementsinSteelsonMachinability.Thepresenceofaluminumandsiliconinsteelsisalwaysharmfulbecausetheseelementscombinewithoxygentoformaluminumoxideandsilicates,whicharehardandabrasive.Thesecompoundsincreasetoolwearandreducemachinability.Itisessentialtoproduceandusecleansteels.
Carbonandmanganesehave