土木工程毕业设计外文翻译高层建筑结构文档格式.docx

土木工程毕业设计外文翻译高层建筑结构文档格式.docx

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土木工程毕业设计外文翻译高层建筑结构@#@TallBuildingStructure@#@Tallbuildingshavefascinatedmankindfromthebeginningofcivilization,theirconstructionbeinginitiallyfordefenseandsubsequentlyforecclesiasticalpurposes.Thegrowthinmoderntallbuildingconstruction,however,whichbeganinthe1880s,hasbeenlargelyforcommercialandresidentialpurposes.@#@Tallcommercialbuildingsareprimarilyaresponsetothedemandbybusinessactivitiestobeasclosetoeachother,andtothecitycenter,aspossible,therebyputtingintensepressureontheavailablelandspace.Also,becausetheyformdistinctivelandmarks,tallcommercialbuildingsarefrequentlydevelopedincitycentersasprestigesymbolsforcorporateorganizations.@#@Further,thebusinessandtouristcommunity,withitsincreasingmobility,hasfuelledaneedformore,frequentlyhigh-rise,citycenterhotelaccommodations.@#@Therapidgrowthoftheurbanpopulationandtheconsequentpressureonlimitedspacehaveconsiderablyinfluencedcityresidentialdevelopment.Thehighcostofland,thedesiretoavoidacontinuousurbansprawl,andtheneedtopreserveimportantagriculturalproductionhaveallcontributedtodriveresidentialbuildingsupward.@#@Ideally,intheearlystagesofplanningabuilding,theentiredesignteam,includingthearchitect,structuralengineer,andservicesengineer,shouldcollaboratetoagreeonaformofstructuretosatisfytheirrespectiverequirementsoffunction,safetyandserviceability,andservicing.@#@Itisdifficulttodefineahigh-risebuilding.Onemaysaythatalow-risebuildingrangesfrom1to2stories.Amedium-risebuildingprobablyrangesbetween3or4storiesupto10or20storiesormore.@#@Althoughthebasicprinciplesofverticalandhorizontalsubsystemdesignremainthesameforlow-,medium-,orhigh-risebuildings,whenabuildinggetshightheverticalsubsystemsbecomeacontrollingproblemfortworeasons.Higherverticalloadswillrequirelargercolumns,walls,andshafts.But,moresignificantly,theoverturningmomentandthesheardeflectionsproducedbylateralforcesaremuchlargerandmustbecarefullyprovidedfor.@#@Theverticalsubsystemsinahigh-risebuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromstorytostory,thusrequiringlargercolumnorwallsectionstosupportsuchloading.Inadditionthesesameverticalsubsystemsmusttransmitlateralloads,suchaswindorseismicloads,tothefoundations.However,incontrasttoverticalload,lateralloadeffectsonbuildingsarenotlinearandincreaserapidlywithincreaseinheight.Forexampleunderwindload,theoverturningmomentatthebaseofbuildingsvariesapproximatelyasthesquareofabuildingsmayvaryasthefourthpowerofbuildingsheight,otherthingsbeingequal.Earthquakeproducesanevenmorepronouncedeffect.@#@Whenthestructureforalow-ormedium-risebuildingisdesignedfordeadandliveload,itisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumns,walls,andstairorelevatorshaftscancarrymostofthehorizontalforces.Theproblemisprimarilyoneofshearresistance.Moderateadditionbracingforrigidframesin“short”buildingscaneasilybeprovidedbyfillingcertainpanelswithoutincreasingthesizesofthecolumnsandgirdersotherwiserequiredforverticalloads.@#@Unfortunately,thisisnotisforhigh-risebuildingsbecausetheproblemisprimarilyresistancetomomentanddeflectionratherthanshearalone.Specialstructuralarrangementswilloftenhavetobemadeandadditionalstructuralmaterialisalwaysrequiredforthecolumns,girders,walls,andslabsinordertomadeahigh-risebuildingssufficientlyresistanttomuchhigherlateraldeformations.@#@Aspreviouslymentioned,thequantityofstructuralmaterialrequiredpersquarefootoffloorofahigh-risebuildingsisinexcessofthatrequiredforlow-risebuildings.Theverticalcomponentscarryingthegravityload,suchaswalls,columns,andshafts,willneedtobestrengthenedoverthefullheightofthebuildings.Butquantityofmaterialrequiredforresistinglateralforcesisevenmoresignificant.@#@Withreinforcedconcrete,thequantityofmaterialalsoincreasesasthenumberofstoriesincreases.Buthereitshouldbenotedthattheincreaseintheweightofmaterialaddedforgravityloadismuchmoresizablethansteel,whereasforwindloadtheincreaseforlateralforceresistanceisnotthatmuchmoresincetheweightofaconcretebuildingshelpstoresistoverturn.Ontheotherhand,theproblemofdesignforearthquakeforces.Additionalmassintheupperfloorswillgiverisetoagreateroveralllateralforceundertheofseismiceffects.@#@Inthecaseofeitherconcreteorsteeldesign,therearecertainbasicprinciplesforprovidingadditionalresistancetolateraltolateralforcesanddeflectionsinhigh-risebuildingswithouttoomuchsacrifi