经济学名词解释英文Word文档格式.docx
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Agent代理人:
Apersonwhoisperforminganactforanotherperson,calledtheprincipal
Aggregate-demandcurve:
acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyateachpricelevel
Aggregaterisk:
riskthataffectsalleconomicactorsatonce
Aggregate-supplycurve:
acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellateachpricelevel
Appreciation:
anincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuy
Arrow’simpossibilitytheorem阿罗不可能定理:
Amathematicalresultshowingthat,undercertainassumedconditions,thereisnoschemeforaggregatingindividualpreferencesintoavalidsetofsocialpreferences
Averagefixedcost平均固定成本:
Fixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutput
Averagerevenue平均收益:
Totalrevenuedividedbythequantitysold
Averagetaxrate平均税率:
Totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome
Averagetotalcost平均总成本:
Totalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput
Averagevariablecost平均可变成本:
Variablecostsdividedbythequantityofoutput
Automaticstabilizers:
changesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateaction
Balancetrade:
asituationinwhichexportsequalimports
Benefitsprinciple受益原则:
Theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservices
Bond:
acertificateofindebtedness
Budgetconstraint预算约束:
Thelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanafford
Budgetdeficit预算赤字:
Anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceipts
Budgetsurplus预算盈余:
Anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspending
Businesscycle经济周期:
Fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproduction
Capital资产:
Theequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservices
Capitalflight:
alargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforassetslocatedinacountry
Cartel卡特尔:
Agroupoffirmsactinginunison
Catch-upeffect:
thepropertywherebycountriesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythatcountriesthatstartoffrich
Centralbank:
aninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomy
Circular-flowdiagram循环流向图:
Avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms
Closedeconomy:
aneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworld
Collectivebargaining:
theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemployment
Commoditymoney:
moneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalue
Coasetheorem科斯定理:
Thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirown
Collusion共谋:
Anagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestocharge
Commonresources共同资源:
Goodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludable
Comparativeadvantage比较优势:
Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost
Compensatingdifferential补偿性工资差别:
Adifferenceinwagesthatarisestooffsetthenonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobs
Competitivemarket竞争性市场:
Amarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker
Complements互补性商品:
Twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother
Condorcetparadox:
thefailureofmajorityruletoproducetransitivepreferencesforsociety
Compounding:
theaccumulationofasumofmoneyin,say,abankaccount,wheretheinterestearnedremainsintheaccounttoearnadditionalinterestinthefuture
Constantreturnstoscale规模报酬不变:
Thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutput
Consumerpriceindex(CPI):
ameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer
Consumersurplus消费者剩余:
Abuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays
Consumption:
spendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousing
Cost成本:
Thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveupproducingagood
Cost-benefitanalysis成本收益分析:
Astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood
Crowdingout:
adecreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromgovernmentborrowing
Crowding-outeffect:
theoffsetinaggregatedemandthatres