完整版本科生毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译Word下载.docx

完整版本科生毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译Word下载.docx

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完整版本科生毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译@#@Computernetworkingsummarize@#@Networkingcanbedefinedasthelinkingofpeople,resourcesandideas.Networkingoccursviacasualencounters,meetings,telephoneconversation,andtheprintedwords.Nowthecomputernetworkingprovidebeingswithnewnetworkingcapabilities.Computernetworkareimportantforservicesbecauseservicetasksareinformationintensive.Duringtheistransmittedbetweenclients,coworkers,management,fundingsources,andpolicymakers.Toolswithrapidlyspeedupcommunicationwilldramaticallyaffectservices.@#@Computernetworkgrowingexplosively.Twodecadesago,fewpeopleessentialpartofourinfrastructure.Networkingisusedineveryaspectofbusiness,includingadvertising,production,shipping,planning,bulling,andaccounting.Consequently,mostcorporationsinon-linelibrariesaroundtheworld.Federal,state,andlocalgovernmentofficesusenetworks,asdomilitaryorganizations.Inshort,computernetworksareeverywhere.@#@Thegrowthinnetworkingeconomicimpactaswell.Anentireindustryjobsforpeoplewithmorenetworkingexpertise.Companiesneedworkerstoplan,acquire,install,operate,andmanagetheadditioncomputerprogrammingisnolongerrestrictedtoindividualcomputers;@#@programmersareexpectedtodesignandimplementapplicationsoftwarethatcancommunicatewithsoftwareonothercomputers.@#@Computernetworkslinkcomputersbycommunicationlinesandsoftwareprotocols,allowingdatatobeexchangedrapidlyandreliably.Traditionally,theysplitbetweenwideareanetworks（WANs）andlocalareanetworks（LANs）.AWANisanetworkconnectedoverlong-distancetelephonelines,andaLANisalocalizednetworkusuallyinonebuildingoragroupofbuildingsclosetogether.Thedistinction,computers.Todaynetworkscarrye-mail,provideaccesstopublicdatabases,andarebeginningtobeusedfordistributedsystems.Networksalsoallowusersinonelocalitytoshareexpensiveresources,suchasprintersanddisk-systems.@#@Distributedcomputersystemsarebuiltusingnetworkedcomputersthatcooperatetoperformtasks.Inthisenvironment,eachpartofthenetworkedsystemdoeswhatitisbestat.Theofapersonalcomputerorworkstationprovidesagooduserinterface.Themainframe,ontheothertheresultstotheusers.Inadistributedenvironment,ausermightuseinaspeciallanguage（e.g.StructuredQueryLanguage-SQL）,tothemainframe,whichthenparrrsesthequery,returningtheuseronlythedatarequested.Theusermightthenusethedata.Bypassingbacktheuser’sPConlythespecificinformationrequested,networktrafficisreduced.Ifthewholefileweretransmitted,thePCwouldthenofonenetworktoaccesstheresourcesonadifferenttypeofnetwork.Forexample,agatewaycouldbeusedtoconnectalocalareanetworkofpersonalcomputerstoamainframecomputernetwork.Forexample,ifacompanythisexample,usingabridgemakesmoresensethanjoiningallthepersonalcomputerstogetherinonelargenetworkbecausetheindividualdepartmentsonlyoccasionallyneedtoaccessinformationontheothernetwork.@#@Computernetworkingtechnologycanbedividedintofourmajoraspects.@#@Thefirstisthedatatransmission.Itexplainsthatatthelowestlevelelectricalsignalstravelingacrosswiresareusedtocarryinformation,andshowsbeencodedusingelectricalsignals.@#@Thesecondfocusesonpackettransmission.Itexplainswhycomputernetworkusepackets,andshows.LANsandWANsdiscussedabovearetwobasicnetwork.@#@Thethirdcoversinternetworking—theimportantideathatallowssystem,andTCPIP,theprotocoltechnologyusedinglobalinternet.@#@Thefourthexplainsnetworkingapplications.Itfocuseson,andprogramsprovideservicessuchaselectronicmailandWebbrowsing.@#@ContinuedgrowthoftheglobalInternetisoneofmostinterestingandexcitingphenomenainnetworking.Adecadeago,theInternetwasaresearchprojectthatinvolvedafewdozensites.Today,theInternetintoaproductioncommunicationsystemthatreachesmillionsofpeopleinalmostallcountriesonallcontinentsaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,theInternetconnectsmostcorporations,collegesanduniversities,aswellasfederal,state,andlocalgovernmentoffices.Itwillsoonreachmostelementary,junior,andsenioraddition,manyprivateresidencescanreachtheInternetthroughadialuptelephoneconnection.EvidenceoftheInternet’simpactonsocietycanbeseeninadvertisements,inmagazinesandontelevision,whichoftencontainareferencetoanInternetWebsitethatprovideadditionalinformationabouttheadvertiser’sproductsandservices.@#@Alargeorganizationwithdiversenetworkingrequirementsneedsmultiplephysicalnetworks.Moreimportant,iftheorganizationchoosesthetypenetworkthatisbestforeachtask,theorganizationwillnetworkcanonlycommunicatewithothercom