戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版Word文档格式.docx
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③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;
④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.
[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:
thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究
1.Phonetics:
thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified)
2.Phonology:
isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)
3.Morphology:
thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords)
4.Syntax:
thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences)
5.Semantics:
thestudyofmeaninginabstraction
6.Pragmatics:
thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse
Sociolinguistics:
thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety
Psycholinguistics:
thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemind
Appliedlinguistics:
theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning
Anthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;
mathematicallinguistics;
computationallinguistics
[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性
②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性(现代英语多研究共时性)
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime;
Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.
③Speechandwriting言语与文字
Spokenlanguageisprimary,notthewritten
④Langueandparole语言和言语
ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological)
Langue:
referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity(指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统)
Parole:
referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse(指语言在实际运用中的实现)
⑤Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用
ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)
Competence:
theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.(理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识)
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticscommunication.(这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现)
Whatislanguage?
什么是语言
[A]Thedefinitionoflanguage
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。
)
a)System:
combinedtogetheraccordingtorules(根据规则组合在一起)
b)Arbitrary:
nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有在的必然的联系)
c)Vocal:
theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages(所有语言的首要媒介都是声音)
d)Human:
languageishuman-specific(语言是人类所独有的)
[B]Designfeatures(uniqueproperties):
thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication(识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征)
①Arbitrariness(任意性)
Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform(eithersoundorword)anditsmeaning.
Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.(意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系;
虽然是任意性的,但并非完全任意)
a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:
onomatopoeicwords(拟声词)
b)somecompoundwords(某些复合词)
②Productivity(能产性,创造性)
Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(Creativityoropen-endedness)
★③Duality(双重结构性,两重性或二元性)
Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword(doublearticulation)(语言是一个系统,包含两组结构或者两个层面。
在较低/基本层面存在着语音结构,其自身没有什么意义;
较高层面存在着意义单位;
结构的双重性/语言的双层性)
④Displacement(跨时空性,移位性)
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker(refertopastandfuturetimeandtootherlocations)
⑤Culturaltransition(文化传递性)
Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis(everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage),thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.
Theabove5propertiesmaybetakenasthecorefeaturesofhumanlanguage.
Chapter2Phonology音位学
[A]Thedefinitionofphonetics(语音学)
Phonetics:
thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.(是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究,它关注语言世界中的所有语音)
Articulatoryphonetics:
thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,orarticulated.(发音语音学)
Acousticphonetics:
dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.(听觉语音学)
Auditory(orperceptual)phonetics:
dealswiththeperception,viatheear,ofspeechsounds.(声学语音学)
[B]Org