华中科技大学考博英语真题答案Word下载.docx

华中科技大学考博英语真题答案Word下载.docx

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n.平均寿命（=expectationoflife））.Butthereismountingcriticismofthelargeremaininggapsinaccess,unbridledcostinflation,thefurtherfragmentationofservice,excessiveindulgenceinwastefulhigh-technology“gadgeteering,”andabreakdownindoctor-patientrelationships.Inrecentyears（inrecentyears:

最近几年中）proposedpanaceasandnewprograms,smallandlarge,haveproliferatedatafeverishpaceanddisappointmentsmultiplyatalmostthesamerate.Thishasledtoanincreasedpessimism—“everythinghasbeentriedandnothingworks”—whichsometimesbordersoncynicismorevennihilism.

Itistruethattheautomatic“passthrough”ofrapidlyspiralingcosts（spiralingcosts:

螺旋式上升的费用）togovernmentandinsurancecarriers,whichwassetinapublicizedenvironmentof“therichestnationintheworld,”producedforatime（foratime:

adv.临时,一度）asenseofunlimitedresourcesandallowedtodevelopamoodwherebyeverypractitionerandinstitutioncould“dohisownthing”withoutundueconcernforthe“MedicalCommons.”Thepracticeoffull-costreimbursementencouragedcapitalinvestmentandnowtheindustryisovercapitalized.Manycitieshavehundredsofexcesshospitalbeds;

hospitalshaveproliferatedasuperabundanceofhigh-technologyequipment;

andstructuralostentationandluxuryweretheorderoftheday（orderoftheday:

议程,<

口>

流行的事物,风尚）.Inanygivenday,one-fourthofallcommunitybedsarevacant;

expensiveequipmentisunderusedor,worse,usedunnecessarily.Capitalinvestmentbringsrapidlyrisingoperatingcosts（operatingcosts:

生产费用,营业本钱）.

Yet,inpart,thispessimismderivesfromexpectingtoomuchofhealthcare.Itmustberealizedthatcareis,formostpeople,apainfulexperience,oftenaccompaniedbyfearandunwelcomeresults.Althoughthereisvastroomforimprovement,healthcarewillalwaysretainsomeunpleasantnessandfrustration.Moreover,thecapacitiesofmedicalsciencearelimited.HumptyDumpty（一经损坏无法修复的东西）cannotalwaysbeputbacktogetheragain.Toomanyphysiciansarereluctanttoadmittheirlimitationstopatients;

toomanypatientsandfamiliesareunwillingtoacceptsuchrealities.Norisittruethateverythinghasbeentriedandnothingworks,asshownbytheprepaidgrouppracticeplansoftheKaiserFoundationandatPugetSound.Inthemain（inthemain:

adv.大体上）,however,suchundertakingshavebeendrownedbyaveritablefloodofpublicandprivatemoneyswhichhavesupportedandencouragedthecontinuationofconventionalpracticesandsubsidizedtheirshortcomingsonamassive,almostunrestrictedscale.Exceptforthemostidealisticanddedicated,therewerenoincentivestoseekchangeortopracticeself-restraintorfrugality.Inthisatmosphere,itisnotfairtocondemnasfailuresallattemptedexperiments;

itmaybemoreaccuratetosaymanyneverhadafairtrial.

1.TheauthorimpliesthattheKaiserFoundationandPugetSoundplans（lines47-48）differedfromotherplansby

（A）encouragingcapitalinvestment

（B）requiringphysicianstotreatthepoor

（C）providingincentivesforcostcontrol

（D）employingonlydedicatedandidealisticdoctors（C）

（E）relyingprimarilyonpublicfunding

2.Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingasconsequencesoffull-costreimbursementEXCEPT

（A）risingoperatingcosts

（B）underusedhospitalfacilities

（C）overcapitalization

（D）overrelianceonexpensiveequipment（E）

（E）lackofservicesforminorities

3.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas

（A）light-heartedandamused

（B）objectivebutconcerned

（C）detachedandunconcerned

（D）cautiousbutsincere（B）

（E）enthusiasticandenlightened

4.Accordingtotheauthor,the“pessimism”mentionedatline35ispartlyattributabletothefactthat

（A）therehasbeenlittlerealimprovementinhealth-careservices

（B）expectationsabouthealth-careservicesaresometimesunrealistic

（C）largesegmentsofthepopulationfinditimpossibletogetaccesstohealth-careservices

（D）advancesintechnologyhavemadehealthcareserviceunaffordable（B）

（E）doctorsarenowlessconcernedwithpatientcare

5.Theauthorcitestheprepaidplansinlines46-48as

（A）counterexamplestotheclaimthatnothinghasworked

（B）examplesofhealth-careplansthatwereover-funded

（C）evidencethathealth-careservicesarefragmented

（D）proofofthetheorythatnoplanhasbeensuccessful（A）

（E）experimentsthatyieldeddisappointingresults

6.Itcanbeinferredthatthesentence“HumptyDumptycannot