电动混合动力和氢燃料车辆的技术由可再生能源转换的电力外文翻译本科学位论文Word文档下载推荐.docx

电动混合动力和氢燃料车辆的技术由可再生能源转换的电力外文翻译本科学位论文Word文档下载推荐.docx

《电动混合动力和氢燃料车辆的技术由可再生能源转换的电力外文翻译本科学位论文Word文档下载推荐.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《电动混合动力和氢燃料车辆的技术由可再生能源转换的电力外文翻译本科学位论文Word文档下载推荐.docx（23页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

电动混合动力和氢燃料车辆的技术由可再生能源转换的电力外文翻译本科学位论文@#@英文资料与翻译@#@Technologiesforelectric,hybridandhydrogenvehicles:

@#@Electricityfromrenewableenergysourcesintransport@#@Abstract@#@Thearticleanalysesandcompareselectricityandhydrogenastransportationfuels.Theanalysisincludesaspectssuchastheenergyutilizationfromgridtowheels,vehiclerange（linkedtothephysicalpropertiesoftheonboardstorage）,costs,anddurability（particularlyofbatteries）.Thearticleconcludesthatitisnotpossibletoidentifyoneoptionasthebestchoicegiventhewiderangeofaspectstoconsiderandthesubstantialuncertainties.Thereisnoclearcutprioritybetweenthemainoptionseelectric,hybridorhydrogen/fuelcelldriveeorwithinthese.Ontheotherhand,theanalysisalsoidentifiesoptionsthatareclearlynotadvantageousintermsofenergyefficiency,e.g.hydrogenininternalcombustionenginesorliquidhydrogen.@#@1.Introduction@#@Usually,akeyinstrumentinstrategiestopromotesustainabletransportistheintroductionofalternativefuels.Frequently,theprincipalobjectiveofintroducingadifferentenergycarrieristoutiliseitforintroducingrenewableenergysourcesintothetransportsectorand/orimprovingenergysecuritybyreducingthedependenceonoil.Inthiscontext,themainoptionsasregardsenergycarriersforrenewableenergysourcesareelectricity,hydrogen,bio-fuelsandbiogas.@#@Regardlessoftheirrespectivestrengthsandweaknesses,asenergycarriersinthetransportsector,electricityandhydrogenhaveincommonthestrengthsofhavinghighflexibilitywithrespecttoprimaryenergysourcesandthepossibilityofselectingbetweenseveralrenewableenergysources.Incontrast,liquidbio-fuelsandbiogas,whicharefrequentlyseenasmoreimmediatelyapplicablealternativefueloptionsintheshortterm,areinpractice（withacceptableconversionefficiencies）confinedtoaquitelimitedresourcebaseofbiomass.Sincetheseenergycarrierscanrelativelyeasilybegeneratedfromfossilfuels,thelimitedresourcebaseposesarealisticrisk,forinstanceincasethedemandforbio-fuels/biogasoutstripstheproductioncapacity.@#@Thechoicebetweenhydrogenandelectricityasfuels,andbetweentheirdifferentpaths,isacomplexevaluationofvariousaspects,alsoinvolvingassumptionsonthelong-termdevelopmentoftechnologieswithverydifferentdevelopmenttrends,asseentoday.Theevaluationisfurthercomplicatedbythefactthattheelectricity/hydrogenformspartoftheelectricitysupplysystemandcanonlyfullybeanalysedinthiscontext.@#@Thisarticleillustratessomeoftheproblemsinthiscontext,highlightingissuesofparticularimportance:

@#@energyefficiency,range,costs,anddurability,amongothers.Itconcentratesonthevehicleandthegenerationoffuels,anddoesnotincludesystemsanalysisoftheelectricitysystem.Insteadthearticleintendstoraisevehicle/fuel-relatedissuesthataresignificantforsuchananalysis.Anoverallconclusionisthatitisnotpossibletomakesimplerecommendationsonthechoicebetweenelectric,hybridandhydrogenvehiclesepartlybecauseofthedifficultiesinassessingthedifferentdimensions,andpartlybecauseconsiderablevariationsexistbetweenthedifferentpathswithinthemainoptions.@#@2.Overviewoffuelcycleofelectricityandhydrogen@#@Electricitymaybeusedeitherdirectlyasfuelinbatteryelectricvehiclesorplug-inhybrid-electricvehicles,orbeconvertedintohydrogenandappliedininternalcombustionengine-basedvehiclesorinfuelcellvehicles.Acommonfeature,exceptfortheinternalcombustionenginevehicle,isthattheycanbeperceivedasvariationsofelectricdrive,inwhichtheelectricityiseithersuppliedfromthegridviaabattery（orsimilarelectricstoragetechnologies）orgeneratedonboardeitherinaninternalcombustionengine（theplug-inhybrid）orinafuelcell.@#@Ifelectricityisusedasfuelinbattery-electricvehicles（BEV）,thisistypicallysuppliedfromthepublicgrid,storedonboardthevehicle（typicallyinbatteries）andusedinelectricmotordrives.Inprinciple,therechargingcanbeachievedthoughexistingsockets,andinthiscasetheinfrastructureisveryinexpensive.Thisis,however,asolutionwhichimposesmanyrestrictionsontheplaceandspeedoftherecharging.Hence,inpractice,morerequirementsandcostswillbelinkedtothisoption,particularlyiffastrechargeisrequiredandiftheelectricityconsumptionneedstobemonitored.Thisisusuallyaveryenergyefficientoption.@#@Hybrid-electricvehicles（HEV）arecharacterisedbyhavingbothelectricmotorsandinternalcombustionenginesinitsdrivesystem（Graham,2001;@#@Duvall,2002;@#@Gage,2003;@#@LipmanandDelucchi,2003;@#@Boschert,2006）.Theplug-inhybridelectricvehicle（PHEV）isahybridwhichcanberechargedfromthegrid.ItcanbeperceivedasaBEVsu