语言学知识点+整理Word下载.docx

语言学知识点+整理Word下载.docx

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Phonology音系学:

aslinguistsbecameinterestedinhowsoundsputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonology.

Morphology形态学:

thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology.

Syntax句法学:

thecombinationofthesewordstoformpermissiblesentencesinlanguagesisgovernedbyrules,thestudyoftheserulesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticsstudies

Semantics语义学:

thestudyofmeaningwasgraduallydevelopedandbecameknownassemantics

Pragmatics语用学:

whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolaion,butinthecontextofuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmatics

Sociolinguistics社会语言学:

thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranchcalledsociolinguistics

Psycholinguistics心理语言学:

Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology

\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学:

findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics

Otherrelatedbranchsincludeanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.

Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics。

人类学/神经语言学/数理语言学/计算语言学

1.PrescriptivevsDescriptive规定性与描述性

Descriptive：

alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

Prescriptive:

itaimslaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior.

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;

itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;

itisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage

2.Synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy

Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.

3.Speechandwriting口头语与书面语

Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:

（1）speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution

（2）alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting

（3）speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage

4.Languageandparole语言与言语

Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity

Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse

5.Competenceandperformance能力与运用

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers’knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

Performance:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication

Whatislanguage?

什么是语言？

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication

Characteristicsoflanguage:

语言的特性

Languageisarule-governedsystem

Languageisbasicallyvocal

Languageisarbitrary（thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare’splay“RomeoandJuliet”:

“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”）

Languageisusedforhumancommunication

Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的甄别特征

AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecified12designfeatures:

1）arbitrariness武断性

2）productivity创造性

3）duality二重性

4）displacement移位性

5）culturaltransmission文化传递性

单元二Twomajormediaofcommunication:

speechandwriting

Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。

Phonetics语音学:

isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;

itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguage.

Threebranchesofphonetics:

articulatoryphonetics发音语音学（mosthighlydeveloped）,auditoryphonetics听觉语音学andacousticphonetics声学语音学

Articulationphonetics（发音语音学）:

Howaspeakeruseshisspeechorgansarticulatethesounds. 

Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）:

Howahearerperceivesthesounds.

Acoustic（声学语音学）:

Howthesoundsaretransmitter.

Organsofspeech发音器官

Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:

Thepharyngealcavity咽腔----thethroat

Theoralcavi