药理学-5肾上腺-糖皮质激素药PPT资料.ppt
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,皮质激素:
具有甾体母核的生物活性物质的总称,CH3,CH3,C1-2为双键以及C6引入-CH3则抗炎作用及对糖代作用,水盐代谢作用;
C9引入-F,C16引入-CH3或-OH则抗炎作用,水盐代谢作用。
经过结构改造,由此获得多种合成的糖皮质激素药物。
盐皮质激素结构特点:
C17上无羟基,C11无氧(11-去氧皮质酮),或有氧但与C18醛基形成内脂环(醛固酮).,AdrenocorticalHormones肾上腺皮质激素,糖皮质激素结构特点:
C17上有羟基,C11位有酮基或羟基。
Hypothalamus,Pituitary,Adrenal,CRH,ACTH,Regulationofglucocorticoidssecretion糖皮质激素分泌调节,Glucocorticoids,+,+,exogenousGC,(GC)糖皮质激素,Anti-inflammationImmunosuppression,inhibit,+,stimulate,Longnegativefeedback,Shortnegativefeedback,HPAa,下丘脑,垂体,肾上腺,CRH:
促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素ACTH:
促肾上腺皮质激素,糖皮质激素分泌:
昼夜节律性(午夜最低,上午8-10时最高),此节律性变化受ACTH影响。
在GC血浓度高时,HPAa对影响其分泌的因素不敏感,而在GC血浓度低时则相反。
Glucocorticoids,GC糖皮质激素,体内过程:
口服,注射均可。
与血浆蛋白结合率高(90%)肝脏代谢主要在肾排泄可的松,泼尼松在肝转化为氢化可的松、泼尼松龙而生效。
药物分类:
按t1/2长短而分,Physiologicaleffects生理作用,Glucosemetabolism糖代谢Proteinmetabolism蛋白质代谢Adiposemetabolism脂肪代谢Saltandwatermetabolism水盐代谢Hematopoiesisanddestructionofbloodcells造血和血细胞破坏Vascularresponse血管反应Enhanceabilitytohandlestress增强抗应激,Glucocorticoids,GC,-naturallysecretion:
cortisol(皮质醇)/hydrocortisone(氢化可的松),1,2,3,7,4,5,6,Glucosemetabolism糖代谢,Glucocorticoids,GC,1,bloodglucose血糖,muscleglycogen肌糖原andliverglycogenlevels肝糖原by:
-gluconeogenesis(糖原异生);
-gluconeogenicenzymeactivity糖异生酶活性;
-hepaticandrenalaminoacid(aa)uptake,andaaareconvertedtoglucose肝肾氨基酸摄取,将氨基酸转变成糖;
-peripheralglucoseuptakeandutilization外周血糖摄取和利用.,Promotehyperglycemiaandglycosuria促进高血糖和糖尿diabeticstate糖尿病,Proteinmetabolism蛋白质代谢,2,Supraphysiologicglucocorticoidlevelscause超生理剂量GCdecreasedmusclemass,weakness,osteoporosis(骨质疏松),Reducedgrowthinchildren,delayawoundheals儿童生长、伤口愈合延迟.,Promoteproteincatabolism促进蛋白质分解代谢andinhibitproteinsynthesis抑制蛋白质合成.-catabolism分解代谢(lymphoidtissue,connectivetissue,muscle,fat,skin)-Proteincatabolism蛋白质分解negativenitrogenbalance负氮平衡-Transferaafrommuscleandbonetoliver,whereaaareconvertedtoglucose转移肌肉和骨中氨基酸至肝转化为葡萄糖.,Promotelipolysis(脂肪分解),inhibitlipogenesis(抑制脂肪生成),andfatisredistributed脂肪重分布-increaseinplasmafreefattyacids游离脂肪酸-enhancedtendencytoketosis(诱发酮症),Adiposemetabolism脂肪代谢,3,Glucocorticoids,GC,AprolongedGCtherapyresultshypertension,moonface,truncalobesity,buffalohump,andlimbsarethinandsmall.长期给GC高血压、满月脸、向心性肥胖、,水牛背、四肢瘦小,Saltandwatermetabolism水盐代谢,Principalmineralocorticoid盐皮质激素:
aldosterone(醛固酮)sodiumreabsorptionandpotassiumexcretion保钠排钾.-intestinalabsorptionofcalciumandpromotecalciumexcretionbythekidney肠道钙吸收,肾脏排钙-GCmediateweakmineralocorticoid-likeeffects.弱的盐皮质激素样作用,Glucocorticoids,GC,4,Serumcalcium血钙,serumpotassium血钾,hypertension高血压andosteoporosis骨质疏松,LargedoseofGC(大量GC):
-platelet血小板,neutrophil中性粒细胞,fibrinogen纤维蛋白原-lymphocyte淋巴细胞,monocyte单核细胞,eosinophil嗜酸性细胞,basophil嗜碱性细胞-Inhibitneutrophilfunction抑制中性粒细胞功能,Glucocorticoids,GC,Hematopoiesisanddestructionofbloodcells造血和血细胞破坏,5,GCsecretionresistancetostress抗应激-Increasedstress应激增加:
trauma创伤,fright战斗,infection感染,blooding出血ordebilitatingdisease衰弱性疾病.,Enhanceabilitytohandlestress增强抗应激,Glucocorticoids,GC,7,6,Vascularresponse血管反应,sensitivityofvascularsmoothmuscletoNA血管平滑肌对NA敏感性;
capillarypermeability毛细血管通透性,Pharmacologicaleffects药理作用,Anti-inflammatoryaction抗炎Immunosuppression免疫抑制Anti-endotoxin抗内毒素Anti-shock抗休克Effectsoncomponentofblood对血液影响Centralnervoussystem(CNS)effects中枢作用Additionaleffects其它,Glucocorticoids,GC,1,2,3,7,4,5,6,Anti-inflammatory抗炎supraphysiologicdose大剂量:
strongeffect作用强.-Ameliorateinflammatorysymptoms改善炎症.-Inhibitproliferationofcapillaryandfibroblast抑制毛细血管和成纤维细胞增生preventadhesionandscar防止粘连和疤痕,Glucocorticoids,GC,1,Mechanism抗炎机制inhibit抑制:
-interactionsinvolvingcelladhesionmolecules细胞粘附分子相互作用-leukocyteandtissuemacrophagefunction白细胞和组织巨噬细胞功能-reducedantigenicandmitogenicresponsiveness降低抗原和有丝分裂原反应-Reductionofprostaglandinandleukotrienesynthesis(inhibitphospholipaseA2activation)前列腺素和白三烯合成(抑制磷脂酶A2活性)-Reductionofcyclooxygenaseininflammatorycells(reducingprostaglandinsynthesis)炎症细胞环氧酶,前列腺素合成,Immunosuppressiveeffects免疫抑制,-degenerationofDNAinlymphocyte淋巴细胞DNA变性-induceofapoptosisoflymphocyte诱导淋巴细胞凋亡-inhibitedtheactivityofNF-kB抑制NF-kB活性-productionofantibody降低抗体生成-inhibitingthereleaseofhistamine抑制组胺,kinin激肽,5-HTandotherstimulantofsensitivityreaction抑制过敏介质释放-inhibitionofprocessofimmunity抑制免疫过程,2,Glucocorticoids,GC,Antiallergyaction抗过敏,Anti-endotoxin抗内毒素,tolerancetobacterialendotoxin细菌内毒素耐受,diminuteheat退热andalleviatetoxaemia缓解毒血症.,3,Glucocorticoids,GC,Anti-shock抗休克,4,-outputofheart心输出-constructionofthemyoc