8外文文献翻译文档格式.doc

8外文文献翻译文档格式.doc

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文献翻译@#@原文@#@Java2MicroEditionandtheWorldofJava@#@1Introduction@#@Thecomputerrevolutionofthe1970sincreasedthedemandforsophisticatedcomputersoftwaretotakeadvantageoftheever-increasingcapacityofcomputerstoprocessdata.TheCprogramminglanguagebecamethelinchpinthatenabledprogrammerstobuildsoftwarethatwasjustasrobustasthecomputeritranon.@#@Asthe1980sapproached,programmerswerewitnessinganotherspurtintheevolutionofprogramminglanguage.ComputertechnologyadvancedbeyondthecapabilitiesoftheCprogramminglanguage.Theproblemwasn’tnew.Itoccurredpreviouslyandcausedthedemiseofgenerationsofprogramminglanguages.Theproblemwasthatprogramswerebecomingtoocomplicatedtodesign,write,andmanagetokeepupwiththecapabilitiesofcomputers.ItwasaroundthistimethatadesignconceptbasedonSimula67andSmalltalk（fromthelate1960s）movedprogrammingtothenextevolutionarystep.Thiswastheperiodwhenobject-orientedprogramming（OOP）,andwithitanewprogramminglanguagecalledC++,tookprogrammersbystorm.@#@In1979,BjarneStroustrupofBellLaboratoriesinNewJerseyenhancedtheCprogramminglanguagetoincludeobject-orientedfeatures.HecalledthelanguageC++.（The++istheincrementaloperatorintheCprogramminglanguage.）C++istrulyanenhancementoftheCprogramminglanguage,anditbeganasapreprocessorlanguagethatwastranslatedintoCsyntaxbeforetheprogramwasprocessedbythecompiler.@#@Stroustrupbuiltontheconceptofaclass（takenfromSimula67andSmalltalk）,fromwhichinstancesofobjectsarecreated.Aclasscontainsdatamembersandmemberfunctionsthatdefineanobject’sdataandfunctionality.Healsointroducedtheconceptofinheritance,whichenabledaclasstoinheritsomeoralldatamembersandmemberfunctionsfromoneormoreotherclasses—allofwhichcomplementstheconceptsofobject-orientedprogramming.@#@By1988,ANSIofficialsstandardizedStroustrup’sC++specification.@#@2EnterJava@#@JustasC++wasbecomingthelanguageofchoiceforbuildingindustrial-strengthapplications,anothergrowthspurtintheevoluti-onofprogramminglanguagewasbudding,fertilizedbytheltestdisruptivetechnology—theWorldWideWeb.TheInternethadbeenawell-keptsecretfordecadesbeforetheNationalScienceFound-ation（whooversawtheInternet）removedbarriersthatpreventedcommercialization.Until1991whenitwasopenedtocommerce,theInternetwasthealmostexclusivedomainofgovernmentagenc-iesandtheacademiccommunity.Oncethebarriertocommercializationwaslifted,theWorldWideWeb—oneofseveralservicesofferedontheInternet—becameavirtualcommunitycenterwherevisitorscouldgetfreeinformationaboutpracticallyanythingandbrowsethroughthousandsofvirtualstores.@#@BrowserspowertheWorldWideWeb.AbrowsertranslatesASCIItextfileswritteninHTMLintoaninteractivedisplaythatcanbeinterpretedonanymachine.AslongasthebrowseriscompatiblewiththecorrectversionofHTMLandHTTPimplementation,anycomputerrunningthebrowsercanusethesameHTMLdocumentwithouthavingtomodifyitforaparticulartypeofcomputer,whichwassomethingunheardofatthetime.ProgramswritteninCorC++aremachinedependentandcannotrunonadifferentmachineunlesstheprogramisrecompiled.@#@ThesuccessoftheInternetgaverenewedfocustodevelopingamachine-independentprogramminglanguage.AndthesameyeartheInternetwascommercialized,fivetechnologistsatSunMicrosystemssetouttodojustthat.JamesGosling,PatrickNaughton,ChrisWarth,EdFrank,andMikeSheridanspent18monthsdevelopingtheprogramminglanguagetheycalledOak,whichwasrenamedJavawhenthisnewlanguagemadeitsdebutin1995.Javawentthroughnumerousiterationsbetween1991and1995,duringwhichtimemanyothertechnologistsatSunmadesubstantialcontributionstothelanguage.TheseincludedBillJoy,ArthurvanHoff,JonathanPayne,FrankYelin,andTimLindholm.@#@AlthoughJavaiscloselyassociatedwiththeInternet,itwasdevelopedasalanguageforprogrammingsoftwarethatcouldbeembeddedintoelectronicdevicesregardlessofthetypeofCPUusedbythedevice.ThisisknownastheEmbeddedJavaplatformandisincontinuoususetodayforclosedsystems.@#@TheJavateamfromSunsucceededincreatingaportablepro-gramminglanguage,somethingthathadeludedprogrammerssincecomputerswerefirstprogrammed.Theirsuccess,however,wasfarbeyondtheirwildestdreams.ThesameconceptusedtomakeJavaprogramsportabletoelectronicdevicesalsocouldbeusedtomakeJavaprogramsrunoncomputersrunningMicrosoftWindows,U-NIX,andMacintosh.Timingwasperfect.TheInternet/intranethadwhettedcorporateAmerica’sappetiteforcost-effective,portableprogramsthatcouldreplacemission-criticalappli