Native-American-Literature解读优质PPT.pptx
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TheHistoryofNativeAmericanLiterature,NativeAmericanliteraturewritteninthe18thand19thcenturyisconsideredaliteratureoftransitionbetweentheoraltraditionwhichflourishedbeforeEuropeansarrivedonthecontinentandthebeginningofthe1960swhentheNativeAmericanRenaissancebegan.Nineteenth-centuryliteratureauthoredbyNativeAmericanswastext-basedandwritteninEnglish,whichresultedprimarilybecauseoftheEnglishtaughtinmissionaryschools.Most18thand19thcenturywritersusedthecommonliterarygenreslikeautobiographyandthenovel,yetcombiningnarrativeswiththetraditionaltricksteroralstoryormythcreatingahybridliteraryform.,EarlyNativeAmericanwritingexhibitedthestruggletheyexperiencedbytheauthorstofindtheirownvoicewithinthecultureofAmerica,butitwaslaterinthe1960sthattheirwritingbegantoexpressthehumiliationfeltbyNativeAmericanpeoplesovertheir“lessthanhuman”treatmentbythedominantsociety.Theseearlywritersweredrivenbytheirawarenessofthepowerofwritingasatoolinchangingattitudes,butitwouldbealongtimebeforethiscouldovercomethedeepprejudicesshapedduringtheconflictsbetweenEuro-AmericansandNativesinthebloodyIndianWarsofthe18thand19thcenturies.,ShadowoftheOwl”paintedbyJohnGuthrie.TheimageofNativeAmericans,TheMajorFeaturesofNativeAmericanLiteratureThedominatingoralformexperienceliteraturebylistening,etc.Closelyconnectedwiththeirlifeandlivingnature,tribalaffairsAkindof“massliterature”assumingdiversetribal-socialfunctionsToadjusttherelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandman,bodyandspirit,etc.,toentertain,toeducate,tocurediseases,toencouragethewarriorsFromtheholinessofvoicetothesacrednessofliterature,NativeAmericanWriters,ThefirstNativeAmericanwritertobepublishedinEnglishwasSamsonOccom(Mohegan,1723-92).AlthoughraisedasatypicalMoheganboy,at16hebegantostudyEnglish,wasconvertedtoChristianity,becameaschoolmastertoIndiansandthenservedasamissionaryamongNewEnglandIndians.His1771ASermonPreachedattheExecutionofMosesPaul,anIndianwentthrough19editions.,ThegenreinwhichmostNativeAmericanauthorsofthe19thand20thcenturieshavewrittenisautobiography.ThischoicerepresentsabreakwithoraltraditionbecausethepersonalnarrativeisnotpartofAmericanIndianoralliteratures.ManyNativeculturesconsidertalkingaboutoneselfinappropriate.WilliamApes(Pequot,b.1797)publishedthefirstautobiographywrittenbyanIndian,ASonoftheForest,TheExperiencesofWilliamApes,ANativeoftheForest.WrittenbyHimself(NewYork,Author,1829,expandedandrevised1831).HisfinalworkwastheeloquentEulogyonKingPhilip,whichtraceswhiteabuseofNewEnglandIndiansinthe17thand18thcenturies.,GeorgeCopway(Ojibwe,1818-69)Life,HistoryandTravelsofKah-ge-ga-gah-bowh(1847)SarahWinnemuccaHopkins(Paiute,1844-91)LifeAmongthePiutes:
@#@Theirwrongsandclaims(1883),NativeAmericanNovel,JohnRollinRidgesTheLifeandAdventuresofJoaqunMurieta,theCelebratedCaliforniaBandit(1854)isconsideredtobethefirstnovelwritteninCalifornia,aswellasthefirstwrittenbyanAmericanIndian.TheLifeandAdventuresofJoaqunMurietawasextremelypopularandwaswidelypirated.Ridge,whoseCherokeenamewasYellowBird,wrotepoetrywhichdealswithnatureandthepoetsreactiontothenaturalenvironment.Ridgesexperienceswithnatureseemtranscendental,whichisfrequentlyseeninwritingbyearlyNativeAmericans.,ThefirstNativeAmericannoveldevotedtothesubjectofIndianlifeisO-gi-maw-kweMit-I-gwa-ki(QueenoftheWoods)(1899)bySimonPokagon(Potawatomi,1830-99).PokagonwasdeterminedtoeducateawhiteaudienceabouttraditionalPotawatomilifebeforethecomingofwhitesandaboutthetragicchangesinthislifesufferedbythepeopleafterwhitesdispossessedthemanddebauchedthemwithalcohol.,NativeAmericanWomenWriters,S.AliceCallahanwrotethefirstnovelAChildoftheForest,whichwaspublishedin1891.ThenovelstresseshowawhitegirlsprogressiveadoptionofanidentifiablyNativeAmericanperspectiveenhancesherrelationshipwithaNativeAmericangirlnamedWynema.BoththewhitegirlnamedGenevieveandWynemalearnmoreaboutoneanothersculturalcustoms,andthiscross-culturalappreciationfortifiestheirlovingrelationship.SarahWinnemucca,anotherearlyNativeAmericanwomanwriterwroteapersonalandtribalhistorycalled“LifeamongthePiutes:
@#@TheirWrongsandClaims”,LeslieSilko,LeslieSilko(born1948)isoneoftheforemostauthorstoemergefromtheNativeAmericanliteraryrenaissanceofthe1970s.SheblendswesternliteraryformswiththeoraltraditionsofherLagunaPuebloheritagetocommunicateNativeAmericanconceptsconcerningtime,nature,andspiritualityandtheirrelevanceinthecontemporaryworld.Lesli