second language acquisition 二语习得Word文件下载.docx
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Whatisparticularlynoteworthyaboutthefieldofsecondlanguageacquisitionisitsinterdisciplinarycharacter.Secondlanguageresearchisconcernedwiththegeneralquestion:
Howaresecondlanguageslearned?
Scholarsapproachthefieldfromawiderangeofbackgrounds:
sociology,psychology,education,andlinguistics,tonameafew.Thishasbothpositiveandnegativeeffectsonthefield.Theadvantageisthatthroughthemultiplicityofperspectives,weareabletoseearicherpictureofacquisition,apicturethatappearstobemorerepresentativeofthephenomenonofacquisitioninthatlearningasecondlanguageundoubtedlyinvolvesfactorsrelatingtosociology,psychology,education,andlinguistics.Ontheotherhand,multipleperspectivesonwhatpurportstobeasingledisciplinebringconfusion,becauseitisfrequentlythecasethatscholarsapproachingsecondlanguageacquisitionfromdifferent(oftenopposingandseeminglyincompatible)frameworksarenotabletotalktooneanother.Thisissobecauseeachperspectivebringswithititsownwayofapproachingdataanditsownresearchmethodology.
1INTRODUCTION
1.1Thestudyofsecondlanguageacquisition
WhatisthescopeofSLA?
WhatdoesthestudyofSLAconsistof?
Itisthestudyofhowsecondlanguagesarelearned.Inotherwords,itisthestudyoftheacquisitionofanon-primarylanguage;
thatis,theacquisitionofalanguagebeyondthenativelanguage.Itisthestudyofhowlearnerscreateanewlanguagesystemwithonlylimitedexposuretoasecondlanguage.Itisthestudyofwhatislearnedofasecondlanguageandwhatisnotlearned;
itisthestudyofwhymostsecondlanguagelearnersdonotachievethesamedegreeofknowledgeandproficiencyinasecondlanguageastheydointheirnativelanguage;
itisalsothestudyofwhyonlysomelearnersappeartoachievenative-likeproficiencyinmorethanonelanguage.Additionally,secondlanguageacquisitionisconcernedwiththenatureofthehypotheses(whetherconsciousorunconscious)thatlearnerscomeupwithregardingtherulesofthesecondlanguage.
Secondlanguageacquisitionisnotaboutpedagogyunlessthepedagogyaffectsthecourseofacquisition.
Linguistics
Whenwestudyhumanlanguage,weareapproachingwhatsomemightcallthehumanessence,thedistinctivequalitiesofmindthatare,sofarasweknow,uniqueto[humans].
(Chomsky,1968,p.100)
Thestudyofhowsecondlanguagesarelearnedispartofthebroaderstudyoflanguageandlanguagebehavior.Itisnotmorecentralorperipheralthananyotherpartoflinguisticstudy,whichinturnhasasitslargergoalthestudyofthenatureofthehumanmind.
Languagepedagogy
Peoplehavecometorealizethatifoneistodeveloplanguage-teachingmethodologies,therehastobeafirmbasisforthosemethodologiesinlanguagelearning.Itwouldbecounterproductivetobaselanguageteachingmethodologiesonsomethingotherthananunderstandingofhowlanguagelearningdoesanddoesnottakeplace.
Studiesinsecondlanguageacquisitionhavemadelanguageteachersandcurriculumdesignersawarethatlanguagelearningconsistsofmorethanrulememorization.Moreimportant,perhaps,itinvolveslearningtoexpresscommunicativeneeds.Thedetailsofthisnewconceptualizationoflanguagelearninghaveresultedinmethodologiesthatemphasizecommunication.
Asecond,perhapsequallyimportantbutlessassuming,rationalerelatedtolanguagepedagogyhastodowiththeexpectationsthatteachershaveoftheirstudents.
Cross-culturalcommunicationandlanguageuse
Ininteractionswithspeakersofanotherlanguage/culture,wehavecertainexpectationsandweoftenproducestereotypedreactions.Forexample,wemayfindourselvesmakingjudgmentsaboutotherpeoplebasedontheirlanguage.Itturnsoutthatmanystereotypesofpeoplefromothercultures(e.g.,rudeness,unassertiveness)arebasedonpatternsofnonnativespeech.Thesejudgmentsinmanyinstancesarenotjustified,becausemanyofthespeechpatternsthatnonnativespeakersusereflecttheirnonnativenessratherthancharacteristicsoftheirpersonality.
Languagepolicyandlanguageplanning
Itisimportanttoreemphasizethatthestudyofsecondlanguageacquisitionisseparatefromthestudyoflanguagepedagogyalthoughthisdoesnotimplythattherearenotimplicationsthatcanbedrawnfromsecondlanguageacquisitiontotherelateddisciplineoflanguageteaching.
SLAispartofthehumanities,inthesensethatitispartofthebranchof“learning(asphilosophy,arts,orlanguages)thatinvestigate[s]humanconstructsandconcernsasopposedtonaturalprocesses(asinphysicsorchemistry)andsocialrelations(asinanthropologyorecon