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History

Duke,theJavamascotJamesGosling,MikeSheridan,andPatrickNaughtoninitiatedtheJavalanguageprojectinJune1991.Javawasoriginallydesignedforinteractivetelevision,butitwastooadvancedforthedigitalcabletelevisionindustryatthetime.ThelanguagewasinitiallycalledOakafteranoaktreethatstoodoutsideGosling'

soffice;

itwentbythenameGreenlater,andwaslaterrenamedJava,fromalistofrandomwords.GoslingaimedtoimplementavirtualmachineandalanguagethathadafamiliarC/C++styleofnotation.

SunMicrosystemsreleasedthefirstpublicimplementationasJava1.0in1995.Itpromised"

WriteOnce,RunAnywhere"

（WORA）,providing

no-costrun-timesonpopularplatforms.Fairlysecureandfeaturingconfigurablesecurity,itallowednetwork-andfile-accessrestrictions.MajorwebbrowserssoonincorporatedtheabilitytorunJavaappletswithinwebpages,andJavaquicklybecamepopular.WiththeadventofJava2（releasedinitiallyasJ2SE1.2inDecember1998–1999）,newversionshadmultipleconfigurationsbuiltfordifferenttypesofplatforms.Forexample,J2EEtargetedenterpriseapplicationsandthegreatlystripped-downversionJ2MEformobileapplications（MobileJava）.J2SEdesignatedtheStandardEdition.In2006,formarketingpurposes,SunrenamednewJ2versionsasJavaEE,JavaME,andJavaSE,respectively.In1997,SunMicrosystemsapproachedtheISO/IECJTC1standardsbodyandlatertheEcmaInternationaltoformalizeJava,butitsoonwithdrewfromtheprocess.Javaremainsadefactostandard,controlledthroughtheJavaCommunityProcess.Atonetime,SunmademostofitsJavaimplementationsavailablewithoutcharge,despitetheirproprietarysoftwarestatus.SungeneratedrevenuefromJavathroughthesellingoflicensesforspecializedproductssuchastheJavaEnterpriseSystem.SundistinguishesbetweenitsSoftwareDevelopmentKit（SDK）andRuntimeEnvironment（JRE）（asubsetoftheSDK）;

theprimarydistinctioninvolvestheJRE'

slackofthecompiler,utilityprograms,andheaderfiles.OnNovember13,2006,SunreleasedmuchofJavaasopensourcesoftwareunderthetermsoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicense（GPL）.On

May8,2007,Sunfinishedtheprocess,makingallofJava'

scorecodeavailableunderfreesoftware/open-sourcedistributionterms,asidefromasmallportionofcodetowhichSundidnotholdthecopyright.Sun'

svice-presidentRichGreenhassaidthatSun'

sidealrolewithregardstoJavaisasan"

evangelist."

FollowingOracleCorporation'

sacquisitionofSunMicrosystemsin2009–2010,Oraclehasdescribeditselfasthe"

stewardofJavatechnologywitharelentlesscommitmenttofosteringacommunityofparticipationandtransparency"

.

PrinciplesTherewerefiveprimarygoalsinthecreationoftheJavalanguage:

1.Itshouldbe"

simple,objectoriented,andfamiliar"

、2.Itshouldbe"

robustandsecure"

3.Itshouldbe"

architectureneutralandportable"

、4.Itshouldexecutewith"

highperformance"

、5.Itshouldbe"

interpreted,threaded,anddynamic"

JavaPlatformMainarticles:

Java（softwareplatform）andJavaVirtualMachine

OnecharacteristicofJavaisportability,whichmeansthatcomputerprogramswrittenintheJavalanguagemustrunsimilarlyonanysupportedhardware/operating-systemplatform.ThisisachievedbycompilingtheJavalanguagecodetoanintermediaterepresentationcalledJavabytecode,insteadofdirectlytoplatform-specificmachinecode.Java

bytecodeinstructionsareanalogoustomachinecode,butareintendedtobeinterpretedbyavirtualmachine（VM）writtenspecificallyforthehosthardware.End-userscommonlyuseaJavaRuntimeEnvironment（JRE）installedontheirownmachineforstandaloneJavaapplications,orinaWebbrowserforJavaapplets.Standardizedlibrariesprovideagenericwaytoaccesshost-specificfeaturessuchasgraphics,threading,andnetworking.

Amajorbenefitofusingbytecodeisporting.However,theoverheadofinterpretationmeansthatinterpretedprogramsalmostalwaysrunmoreslowlythanprogramscompiledtonativeexecutableswould.Just-in-Timecompilerswereintroducedfromanearlystagethatcompilebytecodestomachinecodeduringruntime.ImplementationsSunMicrosystemsofficiallylicensestheJavaStandardEditionplatformforLinux,MacOSX,andSolaris.AlthoughinthepastSunhaslicensedJavatoMicrosoft,thelicensehasexpiredandhasnotbeenrenewed.Throughanetworkofthird-partyvendorsandlicensees,alternativeJavaenvironmentsareavailablefortheseandotherplatforms.

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