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relatingtotheidentificationofvoidsinpost-tensionedconcretebridgesusingdigitalimpulseradar.

Introduction

Thechallengeinanyresearcharenaistoharnessthefindingsofdifferentresearchgroupstoidentifyacoherentmassofdata,whichenablesresearchandpracticetobebetterfocused.AparticularchallengeexistswithrespecttoEuropewherelanguagebarriersareinevitablyverysignificant.TheEuropeanCommunitywasformedinthe1960sbaseduponapoliticalwillwithincontinentalEuropetoavoidtheEuropeancivilwars,whichdevelopedintoWorldWar2from1939to1945.ThestrongpoliticalmotivationformedtheoriginalcommunityofwhichBritainwasnotamember.ManyofthecontinentalcountriessawBritain’sinterestasbeingpurelyeconomic.The1970ssawBritainjoiningwhatwasthentheEuropeanEconomicCommunity（EEC）andthe1990shasseenthewideningofthecommunitytoaEuropeanUnion,EU,withcertainpoliticalgoalstogetherwiththeobjectiveofacommonEuropeancurrency.

Notwithstandingthesefinancialandpoliticaldevelopments,civilengineeringandbridgeengineeringinparticularhavefoundgreatdifficultyinforminganykindofcommonthread.IndeedtheeducationalsystemsforUniversitytrainingarequitedifferentbetweenBritainandtheEuropeancontinentalcountries.TheformationoftheEUfundingschemes—e.g.Socrates,BriteEuramandotherprogramshavehelpedsignificantly.TheSocratesschemeisbasedupontheexchangeofstudentsbetweenUniversitiesindifferentmemberstates.TheBriteEuramschemehasinvolvedtechnicalresearchgrantsgiventoconsortiaofacademicsandindustrialpartnerswithinanumberofthestates—aBriteEurambidwouldnormallybeledbyanindustrialist.

Intermsofdisseminationofknowledge,twoquitedifferentstrandsappeartohaveemerged.TheUKandtheUSAhaveconcentratedprimarilyupondisseminatingbasicresearchinrefereedjournalpublications:

ASCE,ICEandotherjournals.WhereasthecontinentalEuropeanshavefrequentlydisseminatedbasicresearchatconferenceswherethecirculationoftheproceedingsisrestricted.

Additionally,languagebarriershaveprovedtobeverydifficulttobreakdown.IncountrieswhereEnglishisastrongsecondlanguagetherehasbeenenthusiasticparticipationininternationalconferencesbasedwithincontinentalEurope—e.g.Germany,Italy,Belgium,TheNetherlandsandSwitzerland.However,countrieswhereEnglishisnotastrongsecondlanguagehavebeenhesitantparticipants}—e.g.France.

Europeanresearch

ExamplesofresearchrelatingtobridgesinEuropecanbedividedintothreetypesofstructure:

Masonryarchbridges

Britainhasthelargeststockofmasonryarchbridges.IncertainregionsoftheUKupto60%oftheroadbridgesarehistoricstonemasonryarchbridgesoriginallyconstructedforhorsedrawntraffic.ThisislesscommoninotherpartsofEuropeasmanyofthesebridgesweredestroyedduringWorldWar2.

Concretebridges

Alargestockofconcretebridgeswasconstructedduringthe1950s,1960sand1970s.Atthetime,thesestructureswereseenasmaintenancefree.Europealsohasalargenumberofpost-tensionedconcretebridgeswithsteeltendonductspreventingradarinspection.ThisisaparticularprobleminFranceandtheUK.

Steelbridges

SteelbridgeswentoutoffashionintheUKduetotheirneedformaintenanceasperceivedinthe1960sand1970s.However,theyhavebeenusedforlongspanandrailbridges,andtheyarenowreturningtofashionformotorwaywideningschemesintheUK.

ResearchactivityinEurope

ItgivesanindicationcertainareasofexpertiseandworkbeingundertakeninEurope,butisbynomeansexhaustive.

InordertoillustratethetypeofEuropeanresearchbeingundertaken,anexampleisgivenfromtheUniversityofEdinburghportfolio.Theexamplerelatestotheidentificationofvoidsinpost-tensionedconcretebridges,usingdigitalimpulseradar.

Post-tensionedconcreterailbridgeanalysis

OveArupandPartnerscarriedoutaninspectionandassessmentofthesuperstructureofa160mlongpost-tensioned,segmentalrailwaybridgeinManchestertodetermineitsload-carryingcapacitypriortoatransferofownership,foruseintheMetrolinklightrailsystem..

Particularattentionwaspaidtotheintegrityofitspost-tensionedsteelelements.Physicalinspection,non-destructiveradartestingandotherexploratorymethodswereusedtoinvestigateforpossibleweaknessesinthebridge.

SincethesuddencollapseofYnys-y-GwasBridgeinWales,UKin1