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2.theHighlanders
(1)TheyaretheScotswholiveinthemountainsregionsoftheHighlandsinNorthernScotland.
(2)Theyareaproud,independentandhardypeoplewhomaintaintheirstrongculturalidentity.(3)Theymainlylivebyfarmingsheepinmountainareasorfishingonthecoastsandislands.
3.TheWestminsterParliament
(1)ItreferstotheBritishParliament.
(2)WestminsterPalaceinLondonwasbuiltbetween1840and1860,andbecamethemeetingplaceforParliament.
4.NationalEisteddfod
(1)EisteddfodistheWelshwordfor“sitting”.NationalEisteddfodisthemostfamousfestivalofmusicandverseinWales.
(2)ittakesplaceeachAugustandlastsforaboutaweek.(3)thehighlightoftheEisteddfodisacompetitionforthebestepicpoemaboutWaleswrittenandreadinWelsh.(4)thewinneriscrowedBard,consideredthesupremehonorinWales.
5.TheProtestantReformation
(1)Itwasareligiousreformmovementthatstartedin1517,whentheGermanmonkMartinLutherpostedfordebateaseriesofthesethatchallengedRomanCatholicteaching.
(2)thosewhoseparatedthemselvesfromCatholicChurchwerecalledProtestants.(3)mostoftheProtestantsstresstheBibleasthesourceandtheirnormofteachinginsteadofthePopeasthesourceofauthority.
6.TheUlsterUnionists
(1)TheUlsterUnionistsrefertotherulingProtestantpartyinNorthernIreland.
(2)TheyarealsocalledLoyalists.(3)TheyremainloyaltotheUK.
7.KingHarold
TheSaxonkingwhowasdefeatedandkilledattheBattleofHastingsin1066,whentheFrench-speakingNormansunderWilliamtheConquerorinvadedEnglandfromFrance.
8.AlfredtheGreat
HewasafineSaxonkingwhosuccessfullydefeatedtheinvadingDanes.9.TheMagnaCarta
(1)TheMagnaCarta(orGreatCharter)wasadocumentsignedin1215byKingJohnundercompulsionbythepowerfulbarons.
(2)ThepurposeoftheCharterwastomakeKingJohntorecognizetherightstothebarons.(3)TheMagnaCartaisnowintheBritishMuseum,London.
10.TheHundredYear’sWar
(1)AwarbetweenEnglandandFrancewhichlasted,onandoff,forahundredyearsfrom1337to1453.
(2)itwasfoughtentirelyinFrance,andthewholeofFranceverynearlyfellintoEnglishhandsinthefamousbattlesofCrecyandAgincourt.(3)eventually,partlythroughtheinspirationofthebravegirlJoanofArc,andpartlythroughtheeffectiveuseofguns,theFrenchdrovetheEnglishfromtheirlandforfood.
11.TheWarsoftheRoses
(1)ItisthenamegiventothestruggleforthroneofEnglandbetweentwobranchesoftheEnglishroyalfamily
(2)thehousesofLancaster,whosebadgewasaredrose,andYork,whosebadgewasawhiterose.(3)thewarsweakenedboththenobilityandthemonarch.
12.BloodyMary
(1)ItwasthenicknamegiventoMaryI,HenryIII’selderdaughter.
(2)ShewasadevoutCatholic,andhadsomanyProtestantsburnttodeaththatsheisrememberedlessbyherofficialtitleMaryIthanbyhernicknameBloodyMary.(3)ShewassucceededbyElizabethI.
13.TheElizabethAge
(1)ItreferstotheperiodduringthereignofElizabethIinBritishhistory.
(2)itwasanageofrealliteraryachievement,especiallythatofShakespeare(3)itwasanageofadventureonthesea.
14.TheGunpowderPlot
(1)ItreferstothemostfamousofanumberofCatholicconspiraciesinEnglishhistorywhichoccurredinthereignofJamesI.
(2)ItwastheplottoblowuptheKingandParliament,inwhichamancalledGuyFawkeswascaughtinthecellarsoftheHouseofCommonsintheveryactofpreparingtheexplosives.(3)GuyFawkes’nightisstillcelebratedonNovember5theachyear.
15.theProvisionalIRA
(1)IRA,theIrishRepublicanArmy,isanationalistorganizationdedicatedtotheunificationofIreland.
(2)Itwasorganizedin1919.(3)TheIRArefusedtoacceptaseparateNorthernIrelandunderBritishrule.(4)In1969itsplitintoanofficialmajority,whichdisclaimedviolence,andaterroristpro-visionalwing,whoseattacksonBritishtroopsinNorthernIre-land,randombombings,andothersactsofterrorinEnglandkepttensionshigh.
16.thepeacepeople
(1)Inthesummerof1976BettyWilliams,aprotestanthouse-wife,wassohorrifiedatthekillingoftwochildrenbyarunningIRAcarthatshedecidedtoorganizethewomenofUlster,bothprotestantandCatholic,intoapressuregroup.
(2)Itisapres-suregroupworkingforpeaceandreconciliationinIreland.(3)Williamsandhercatholicpartner,Corrigan,soongatheredthousandsoffollowersdespitethreatsandintimidationfrombothsides.(4)Theycontinuedtopursuetheiraimsandattheendof1976thetwoleaderswereawardedtheNobelPrizeforpeace.
17.theNormanconquest
(1)InAD1066,WilliamofNormandylandedhis