朗文英语听说教程二听力原文Word格式.docx

朗文英语听说教程二听力原文Word格式.docx

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usesnames.Aperson'

snamecantellusabitaboutaperson'

sfamily.Today,

we’llbeginbylookingatfirstnamesandhowpeoplechoosenamesfortheir

children.Andthenwe'

lltalkaboutfamilynames,andlookatthedifferent

categoriesoffamilynames.Althoughthescopeofthelecturetodayis

English-languagenames,wecanusethesameapproach,youknow,tolookat

namesfromanyculture.

Let'

stakeabrieflookatfirst,orgivennames.Thereareseveralwaysparents

choosethefirstnamefortheirchild.

Thefirstwayisbyfamilyhistory.Parentsmaychooseanamebecauseitis

passedfromgenerationtogeneration;

forexample,thefirstbornsonmightbe

namedafterhisfatherorgrandfather.Althoughfamilynamesarealsopassed

todaughters,itisusuallyasamiddlename.Adding"

junior"

or"

thesecond"

forexample,WilliamParkerthesecondsonlydonewithboys'

notwithgirls’

names.

Thesecondwayparentschooseanameisafterafamilymemberorfriendwho

hasdiedrecently,oraftersomeone"

theyadmire,likeawell-knownleaderor

afamousmusician.AlthoughmostEnglishfirstnamesmeansomething,for

example,"

Richard"

meanspowerfuland“Ann"

meansgrace,nowadays

meaningisnotthemainreasonpeopleselecttheirbaby'

sname.

Thethirdwayistoprovidea"

push"

forthechild.Parentswanttochoosea

namethatsoundsvery"

successful."

Astrongnamemighthelptheminthe

businessworld,forexample.Ortheymightchooseanamethatworksfor

eithergender,likeTaylororTerry.So,giventhesethreemethods,whatisthe

mostcommonwayparentschooseaname?

Manyparentschooseaname

simplybecausetheylikeit,orbecauseit'

sfashionableorclassic.Fashionsin

nameschangejustastheydoinclothes.Onehundredyearsago,manynames

camefromtheBiblenamessuchasDaniel,andAnna,andHannahand

Matthew.Thenfiftyyearsago,Biblicalnameswentoutoffashion.Nowadays,

namesfromtheBiblearebecomingpopularagain.

Similarly,parentsoftenchooseclassicnames,namesthatwerepopularin

1900,1950,andarestillpopularnow.ClassicnamesforboysincludeThomas,

David,Robert,andMichael.Andforgirls:

Anna,Elizabeth,Emily,and

Katherine,justtonameafew.They'

reclassic.Theynevergooutofstyle.

slookattheoriginoflastnames,alsocalledfamilynamesorsurnames.

Researchershavestudiedthousandsoflastnames,andthey'

vedividedthem

intofourcategories.Thecategoriesare:

placenames,patronymics,added

names,andoccupationalnames.Arecentsurveyshowedthatofthe7,000

mostpopularnamesintheUnitedStatestoday,43percentwereplacenames,

32percentwerepatronymics,15percentwereoccupationalnames,and9

percentwereaddednames.

Thefirstcategoryisplacenames.Placenamesusuallyidentifiedwherea

personlivedorworked.SomeonenamedJohnHilllivednearahill,for

example,andtheRiversfamilylivednearariver.IfyouhearthenameEmma

Bridges,whatimagedoyousee?

Doyouseeafamilythatlivesnearabridge?

Ifyoudo,yougettheidea.

Thesecondcategoryispatronymics.That'

sP-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S.A

patronymicisthefather’sname,plusanendinglikeS-E-NorS-O-N.The

endingmeansthatachild,aboy,isthesonofhisfather.ThenamesRobertson,

Petersen,andWilsonarepatronymics.RobertsonissonofRobert,Petersenis

sonofPeter,andsoon.

Thethirdcategoryisaddednames.Linguistssometimescallthiscategory

"

nicknames,"

butwhenmostofusheartheword"

nickname,"

wethinkofa

specialnameafriendoraparentmightuse.Theword"

nickname"

isactually

anoldEnglishwordthatmeansanadditionalname,anaddedname.SoI'

ll

usetheterm"

addedname."

Thiscategoryoflastnamesisfunbecausethe

namesusuallydescribedaperson.Reed,Baldwin,andBiggsareexamples.

Reedwasfrom"

red"

forredhair.Baldwinwassomeonewhowasbald,

someonewhohadlittleornohair.AndBiggs.

STUDENT2:

Someonebig?

Yeah,someonebig,right.Now,ifwelookaroundtheroom,we

couldprobablycomeupwithsomenewlastnames,like,uh.CurlyorStrong.

Now,thefourthcategoryisoccupationalnames.Theoriginofthefamily

namewastheperson'

soccupation.Themostcommonexamplesof

occupationalnamesstillusedtodayareBaker（someonewhobakesbread）.

Tailor（someonewhosewsclothes）.Miller（someonewhomakesflourfor

bread）,andSmith....Now,Smithisactuallythemostcommonnameinthe

westernEnglish-speakingworld.Thenamecomes